Incumbent President Joe Biden had repeatedly expressed his intent to run for re-election since 2021, although there was speculation in the first two years of his presidency that he might not seek a second term due to his age and low approval ratings.[17][18] Former Democratic House representatives, including Carolyn Maloney,[19]Joe Cunningham,[20] and Tim Ryan,[21] had publicly said Biden should not run. On July 28, 2022, Representative Dean Phillips became the first incumbent Democratic member of Congress to say President Biden should not run for re-election and called for "generational change" pointing to Biden's age.[22][23] There was also speculation that Biden might face a primary challenge, especially from a member of the Democratic Party's progressive faction.[24][25]
After Democrats outperformed expectations in the 2022 midterm elections, many believed the chances that Biden would run for and win his party's nomination had increased.[26][27] On April 25, 2023, Biden announced via a video that he would be running for re-election.[28] Eventually, three main primary opponents emerged; self-help author Marianne Williamson declared her candidacy in March,[29]Robert F. Kennedy Jr., an anti-vaccine activist and environmental attorney,[30] declared in April,[31] while Representative Dean Phillips of Minnesota declared in October.[32] Phillips campaigned as a younger alternative to Biden, who would be a stronger opponent to Trump.[33][34][35] Before launching his campaign, Phillips reportedly reached out to other elected Democratic officials, such as Governors Gretchen Whitmer and JB Pritzker, to convince them to enter the presidential primary race to oppose Biden, but they declined to speak with him directly.[36][37] Additionally, the Uncommitted National Movement, supported by some Muslim Americans, Arab Americans, progressives, and socialists began advocating in 2024 for an uncommitted vote in protest against Biden due to his support for Israel during the Israel–Hamas war.[38][39][40]
Kennedy withdrew from the Democratic primaries in October 2023 to run as an independent candidate.[41] Williamson suspended her campaign following the Nevada primary in February 2024,[42] before unsuspending her campaign following the Michigan primary later that month.[43] On March 6, 2024, Phillips suspended his campaign and endorsed Biden.[44] Phillips received the second-highest number of delegates in the primaries of any candidate (four delegates gained).[13][45] Biden lost American Samoa to venture capitalistJason Palmer,[f] becoming the first incumbent president to lose a contest while appearing on the ballot since Jimmy Carter in 1980.[46] However, he won every other contest by a large margin.
President Biden withdrew his candidacy on July 21, following a series of age and health concerns, writing that doing so was "in the best interest of my party and the country". He endorsed Vice President Kamala Harris as his successor.[47] And though Biden had endorsed Harris as the new candidate at the top of the ticket, there was no obligation for the delegates to follow suit.[48] By the next day, Harris had secured the non-binding support of enough uncommitted delegates that were previously pledged to Biden to make her the presumptive nominee.[49] Harris became the nominee following a virtual roll call with the support of approximately 97.21% of the delegates and opposition from 52 delegates including notable abstentions from U.S. RepresentativeMary Peltola, U.S. RepresentativeJared Golden, and U.S. SenatorJon Tester.[50][51][52] Harris is the first Democratic nominee to be nominated despite not actively campaigning in the primaries since Hubert Humphrey in the 1968 United States presidential election, and the first to be nominated without winning the primaries since the modern Democratic Party primary procedure was created in 1972.
Harris and her running mate, Tim Walz, would ultimately lose the election to the Republican ticket of Donald Trump and JD Vance.[53]
Pledged delegates by candidate following primaries
Write-in vote totals are excluded from the above election data reporting for the following states, and are added to the total number of votes for candidates for the purposes of candidate vote share calculations:[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
As of April 2024, more than 190 candidates have filed with the Federal Election Commission (FEC) to run for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2024.[60]
Following the withdrawal of President Biden on July 21, 2024, the race became an open contest to be decided at the Democratic National Convention.[61]
Nominee
Democratic nominee for the 2024 presidential election
On January 19, 2022, President Biden confirmed that Vice President Kamala Harris would again be his running mate in his 2024 re-election campaign.[125]
Some Democrats expressed skepticism about Biden choosing Harris again as his running mate, as she had also seen similar low approval ratings to Biden. In January 2023, U.S. SenatorElizabeth Warren said in a radio interview that she supported Biden's reelection bid, but stopped short of supporting Harris.[126] She later clarified her position, saying she supported the Biden–Harris ticket.[127]
Following Biden's withdrawal, several names were suggested as possible running mates if Harris was nominated to replace him. These included Kentucky governor Andy Beshear, North Carolina governor Roy Cooper, Pennsylvania governor Josh Shapiro, and Michigan governor Gretchen Whitmer.[128]
The following is a table of which candidates received ballot access in which states in the Democratic Party primaries.
indicates that the candidate was on the ballot for the primary contest. indicates that the candidate was a recognized write-in candidate. indicates that the candidate did not appear on the ballot in that state's contest. indicates that a candidate withdrew before the election but was still listed on the ballot.
Ballot access in the 2024 Democratic presidential nominating contests
On February 4, the Democratic National Committee approves a new primary calendar, moving South Carolina to February 3, followed by Nevada and New Hampshire on February 6, Georgia on February 13, and Michigan on February 27. Iowa, which traditionally goes first, would then be held later in the primary season.[198][199] The DNC gives Georgia and New Hampshire an extended deadline of June to modify their state laws so they can comply with the new dates (New Hampshire state law mandates them to hold the first primary in the country, while Georgia state law requires them to hold both the Democratic and Republican primaries on the same day), but this remains unlikely to happen since both states have Republican-controlled state legislatures.[200]
March 2023
On March 3, the DNC declares their full support for President Biden's re-election, stating they do not plan to host any official debates.[201]
On March 4, author Marianne Williamson announces her campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination as the first major primary challenger to incumbent President Biden.[202]
The same day, the Idaho Legislature passes House Bill 138, moving the state's presidential primary date to May while also eliminating the original primary date in March.[204][205]
On September 14, Hunter Biden is indicted on three firearm-related charges returned by a federal grand jury in Wilmington, Delaware.[214]
On September 16, an armed man impersonating a U.S. Marshal is arrested at a Robert Kennedy Jr. campaign event in Los Angeles.[215]
October 2023
On October 6, the DNC reaches a compromise with the Iowa Democratic Party, allowing the Iowa Democratic caucuses to be held first on January 15, 2024, but voting on presidential candidates would also be done via mail-in ballots until Super Tuesday, March 5, 2024.[216]
On October 9, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. withdraws from the Democratic primaries and launches an independent campaign.[217]
On October 16, the Biden campaign launches an account on Truth Social.[219]
On October 24, with New Hampshire state officials moving forward in accordance with their state law mandating them to hold the first primary in the country, denying the DNC's request to hold it after South Carolina's, Biden campaign manager Julie Chávez Rodriguez states that he will not appear on the New Hampshire primary ballot.[220]
On December 4, Arkansas election officials rule that news personality Cenk Uygur, a naturalized citizen who was born in Turkey, could not appear on the state’s Democratic presidential primary ballot despite his argument that the 14th Amendment of the Constitution makes him eligible to run for president.[227]
On January 20, Phillips tells Axios that he thinks it would be "impossible" for Biden to do the job for four more years. And even being so blunt as to say, "At that stage of life, it is impossible ultimately to conduct, to prosecute the office of the American presidency in the way that this country in the world needs right now. That is an absolute truth."[234]
On January 27, President Biden and Congressman Phillips spoke at the South Carolina Democratic Party's First-in-the-Nation Celebration dinner in Columbia, South Carolina.[239]
On January 31, U.S. SenatorTina Smith sent a one-minute video to the Washington Press Club Foundation’s annual congressional dinner "roasting" Representative Phillips over his campaign to challenge President Biden for the Democratic Party's nomination for president.[240][241]
February 2024
On February 2, the Wisconsin Supreme Court unanimously ordered election officials to put Phillips on the presidential primary ballot after the Wisconsin Elections Commission had excluded him.[242]
On February 5, Special CounselRobert Hur releases his report on Biden's handling of classified documents. He states that "no criminal charges are warranted" and that the probe "uncovered evidence that President Biden willfully retained and disclosed classified materials after his vice presidency when he was a private citizen."[244]
On March 6, Dean Phillips suspends his campaign and endorses Biden.[250] After the endorsement President Biden calls Phillips on the phone. Phillips says the two “had a wonderful conversation” that ended in an invitation to discuss the state of the 2024 race at the White House.[251][252]
On March 19, President Biden wins the Arizona, Florida, Illinois, Kansas, and Ohio primaries.[255] Despite having already dropped out, Dean Phillips won three delegates in the Ohio primary. Congressman Phillips was still on the ballot on election day and gained his delegates by meeting the 15% threshold of votes needed to receive a delegate in a congressional district in the state's 2nd, 6th, and 14th districts.[256]
On April 27, President Biden wins all 25 of New Hampshire's pledged delegates in a party-backed firehouse primary held by the New Hampshire Democratic Party at Saint Anselm College's New Hampshire Institute of Politics.[265][266]
On June 27, President Biden and former President Trump hold a general election debate hosted by CNN in Atlanta, prior to the nominating conventions.[284]
Also on July 21, Representative Dean Phillips proposed a straw poll of delegates ahead of the Democratic National Convention to determine the party's top four presidential contenders, who would then take part in four town halls outlining their platforms.[288] After the town halls, the delegates would vote to choose the nominee.[289][290]
On July 22, Senator Joe Manchin rules out a campaign for president, stating that he would have preferred an open convention.[291]
Also on July 22, a majority of President Biden's pledged delegates pledge support for Harris, making her the presumptive nominee for the Democratic Party.[292]
On July 24, Jason Palmer releases his delegates and encouraged them to vote for Harris at the convention.[294]
Also, on July 24, the Democratic National Committee votes to adopt new rules for an early virtual nomination vote in the first week of August. The new rules allow superdelegates to vote during the signature collection and on the first ballot of a virtual roll call for the presidential nomination without a candidate having earned an overwhelming majority of pledged delegates earned by them in the primaries.[295][296][297]
On July 25, U.S. House Representative Jared Golden of Maine's 2nd congressional district and co-chair of the Blue Dog Coalition for the 118th Congress told Axios he would "absolutely not" commit to voting for the Democratic presidential nominee Kamala Harris in November and is "going to wait and see what she puts forward and what her vision for the future of the country is.".[298]
On July 29, Marianne Williamson ends her candidacy for the third and final time.[300]
August 2024
On August 2, Vice President Kamala Harris earned a majority of delegate votes in the DNC roll call.[51]
On August 3, the Minnesota Star Tribune reported that Phillips said, “If people write anything, I just hope that they might write if [Biden] had debated me then and he had been on one stage, unscripted, with a national audience, and he demonstrated that decline then, this would have been very different circumstances.” He continued, “And that’s what I was trying to do.”[301]
On August 4, twenty-nine Uncommitted delegates from eight states took part in a virtual roll call where they voted for Palestinian victims over Harris.[302]
On August 5, delegate voting closed, and Vice President Kamala Harris became the official presidential nominee for the Democratic Party.[50] 52 delegates voted abstained or voted against Harris, including Representative Mary Peltola, Representative Jared Golden, and Senator Jon Tester.[51]
On August 6, Harris chose Governor Tim Walz as her vice presidential running mate.[129]
Biden declared his intent in January 2022 to run for re-election, keeping Kamala Harris as his running mate.[303] On September 15, he told Scott Pelley in a CBS60 Minutes interview that he had not yet committed to run.[304] In a private conversation with civil-rights activist Al Sharpton on October 3, he reportedly told Sharpton that he was seeking re-election.[305] On October 11, he told Jake Tapper in an interview on CNN that he would decide whether or not to seek re-election after the 2022 midterm elections.[306]
Throughout 2022, several prominent Democrats publicly urged Biden not to run for a second term. On June 23, shortly after winning the Democratic nomination in the South Carolina gubernatorial race, former U.S. Representative Joe Cunningham told CNN that he believed Biden would be too old by the end of his second term and should not run in 2024. CNN pointed out that Biden had endorsed Cunningham in his 2018 and 2020 campaigns.[20] In July, U.S. Representative Dean Phillips of Minnesota said he believed that Democrats should nominate someone from a younger generation in 2024, and fellow Minnesota Representative Angie Craig agreed with him the following week.[21] On August 1, then-U.S. Representative Carolyn Maloney told The New York Times that she thought Biden should not run in 2024 and that she believed he would not run. She later apologized and said that he should run again, though she reiterated her belief that he would not.[19] In September, U.S. Representative and Ohio U.S. Senate nomineeTim Ryan similarly called for a "generational move" away from Biden during an interview with a local TV station; Forbes Magazine noted that Biden, who had endorsed Ryan, headlined a rally with him just hours after the interview aired.[21]
Democrats in Idaho, who held caucuses in 2012 and 2016 but switched to a firehouse primary by mail for the 2020 election, will switch back to in-person caucuses due to the abolition of the presidential primary by the Idaho Legislature in 2023.[308] Similarly, the abolition of the state-run presidential primary in Missouri in 2022 caused Democrats in Missouri to switch to a closed, ranked-choice firehouse presidential primary for 2024.[309]
President Biden sent a letter on December 1, 2022, to the Democratic National Committee (DNC), requesting that diversity should be emphasized in the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries. On February 4, 2023, the DNC formally approved the new 2024 primary calendar, moving South Carolina to hold its race first on February 3, followed by Nevada and New Hampshire on February 6. One member of the Rules and Bylaws Committee who supported this new plan, Lee Saunders, further said it will give a better representation of the composition of the country.[310] Members of the Iowa Democratic Party and the New Hampshire Democratic Party opposed the move, since they would no longer be the first two states to hold their races.[311] The move was also criticized by some progressives, who argued that the move was intended to benefit more moderate candidates.[312][313] On October 6, the DNC and the Iowa Democratic Party reached a compromise in which the in-person caucuses could still be held in January, but delegate-determining mail-in voting would be held through Super Tuesday, March 5.[216] The DNC and the New Hampshire Democratic Party did not reach a compromise. In October 2023, the manager for the Biden campaign, Julie Chávez Rodriguez, confirmed in a letter to the chair of the New Hampshire Democratic PartyRaymond Buckley that Biden would not appear on the primary ballot in order to comply with the DNC's calendar.[314] Pro-Biden New Hampshire Democrats, including Kathy Sullivan (the former chairwoman of the state Democratic party) and former Representatives Paul Hodes and Carol Shea-Porter, launched a formal write-in campaign on October 30.[315]
Ballot access denials
The primaries in Florida and Delaware were cancelled, with Biden receiving all pledged delegates, while in North Carolina, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Indiana, no candidates other than Biden will appear on the ballot, partially due to decisions by the state Democratic parties in those states.[316][317] The Phillips and Williamson campaigns criticized the decisions as undemocratic.[318][319] The primary challengers had not received the necessary number of signatures in Tennessee[320][321] and North Carolina,[322] while the Florida Democratic Party stated that the challengers did not reach out to them until November 29, 2023, one day before the Florida Secretary of State's November 30 deadline to submit candidates, and the state party had already made its submission ahead of the deadline before November 29.[323][324] An attorney who supported Phillips[y] questioned why the state party did not contact the challengers when it made its submission ahead of the deadline.[326] On February 2, the Wisconsin Supreme Court unanimously ruled that election officials must include Phillips on the presidential primary ballot in Wisconsin.[327] Phillips won his lawsuit against State Justice Department attorneys representing the elections commission who were attempting to keep him off the ballot.[328]
Biden's participation
Despite no incumbent president ever having participated in a primary season debate,[329] a June 2023 poll by USA Today and Suffolk University found that 8 in 10 Democratic voters wanted to see Biden debate the other major Democratic candidates. Among Biden supporters, 72% said they would like to see him debate in the primaries with other major Democratic candidates.[330] Despite all this, the DNC did not support hosting any official debates, and Biden did not participate in the 2024 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums unsanctioned by the DNC.[331][332]
Challengers having difficulties
Phillips accused representatives of the Biden campaign of using access to pressure liberal media outlets into blackballing and not platforming him.[333]The New York Times reported that during his campaign, Phillips "found himself “deplatformed,” taken off the ballot in some states, and rarely invited on television to make his case."[334] Phillips argued that the Democratic establishment was choking off his challenge because it couldn't accept that ‘Biden is going to get creamed’ by Trump in November.[335] Phillips also accused the Democratic National Committee of actively obstructing Democrats and Independents from ballot access — "bleeding campaigns dry" by handing out lawsuits against non-incumbent candidates and "absurd signature requirements."[336] When asserting that his campaign was hampered by ballot access policies and a lack of candidate debates, Phillips issued an apology to Bernie Sanders. He regretted his previous disbelief in Sanders's 2016 campaign's complaints of biased rules by the DNC governing the presidential primary and admitted that he now thought Sanders was right.[337]
Kennedy accused the Democratic Party of “fixing the process so it makes it almost impossible to have democracy function” and “disenfranchising the Democratic voters from having any choice in who becomes the Democratic nominee.”[338]
Kennedy's campaign manager, former Ohio Democratic congressman Dennis Kucinich, accused the DNC of attempting a “hidden-ball trick” by not publicizing a public meeting of the Rules and Bylaws committee. In a release, Kucinich said, “The DNC wants to carry on without public and media attention.”[339]
Williamson accused the Democratic National Committee of trying to “suppress” her candidacy in favor of incumbent President Joe Biden.[340]
Process following Biden's withdrawal
With Biden out, on July 21, Phillips proposed a straw poll of delegates ahead of the Democratic National Convention to determine the party's top four presidential contenders. Those four candidates would then take part in four town halls outlining their plans for the White House.[341] Then, after all those town halls, the delegates would vote to choose their candidate to determine the nominee.[342][290]
Following Biden's suspension of his campaign and subsequent endorsement of Kamala Harris on July 21, Williamson called for an open convention, arguing that the vice president should not be "anointed to the position of nominee."[343]
On July 23, Black Lives Matter released a statement opposing the party's decision to nominate Harris for president without her participating as a candidate in a primary election, describing the process as "anointing" Harris as the nominee without a public vote.[344][345][346] The organization argued that installing Harris as the Democratic nominee without a primary vote undermined democratic principles, stating that such a move "would make the modern Democratic Party a party of hypocrites."[347] BLM called on the Democratic National Committee to host a virtual primary to allow voter participation in the nomination process.[348]
Representative Nancy Pelosi told Semafor on September 18 that Harris earned her spot atop the Democratic presidential ticket because "We had an open primary, and she won it. Nobody else got in the race."[349][350] However in the aftermath of the presidential election, Pelosi blamed Harris's loss on Biden's late exit and the lack of an open Democratic primary.[351]
On December 6, 2023, TYT Network hosted a forum featuring primary candidates Williamson, Phillips and Uygur. Biden was invited but declined to attend. The candidates responded to the GOP debate being held in Tuscaloosa, which was scheduled to end at the same time. The discussion was moderated by John Iadarola, the main host of The Damage Report on the same network.[352]
On January 8, 2024, Williamson and Phillips participated in a debate hosted by New England College in Manchester, New Hampshire.[353] To qualify, candidates needed to be registered on the New Hampshire primary ballot and poll at more than five percent.[354] The debate was broadcast on satellite radio by Sirius XM[355] and was moderated by Josh McElveen, who was the former political director of WMUR.[356]
On January 12, 2024, NewsNation hosted a second forum featuring Williamson, Phillips and Uygur. Biden was invited but did not attend. The discussion was moderated by Dan Abrams.[357]
On January 18, 2024, Free & Equal Elections Foundation hosted a debate at Chelsea Television Studios in New York City.[358] The debate was originally planned to be held in Los Angeles. Christina Tobin moderated the debate.[359]
All candidates registered for the ballot "in at least four states" were invited: Biden, Phillips, Williamson, Uygur, Gabriel Cornejo, Stephen Lyons, Jason Palmer, and Frank Lozada.[359] However, only the latter four candidates chose to participate.[360]
On January 19, 2024, Phillips and Williamson were part of a forum held at the Artisan Hotel in Tuscan Village, Salem, New Hampshire. It was hosted by the Rotary Club and the Southern New Hampshire Chamber of Commerce.[361]
Peter Daou, political activist, musician, and author.[382] (previously her campaign manager, then resigned and campaigned for Cornel West before resigning there; Independent)[383]
This is an overview of the money used by each campaign as it is reported to the Federal Election Commission (FEC). Totals raised include individual contributions, loans from the candidate, and transfers from other campaign committees. Individual contributions are itemized (catalogued) by the FEC when the total value of contributions by an individual comes to more than $200. The last column, Cash On Hand, shows the remaining cash each campaign had available for its future spending as of December 31, 2023. Campaign finance reports for the first quarter of 2024 will become available on April 15, 2024.[445]
This table does not include contributions made to Super PACs or party committees supporting the candidate. Each value is rounded up to the nearest dollar.
Candidate who withdrew prior to December 31
Candidate who withdrew following December 31
Overview of campaign financing for candidates in the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries
^2,349 of 4,696 delegates needed to win any subsequent ballots at a contested convention lasting more than a single round of balloting. As of January 2025, the number of extra unpledged delegates (superdelegates), who after the first ballot at a contested convention participate in any subsequently needed nominating ballots (together with the 3,949 pledged delegates), is expected to be 747, but the exact number of superdelegates is still subject to change due to possible deaths, resignations, accessions, or elections as a pledged delegate.[1][self-published source?]
^Write-in vote totals are excluded from the above election data reporting for the following states, and are added to the total number of votes for candidates for the purposes of candidate vote share calculations:
[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
^The calculation for percentage of votes excludes over/undervotes included by primary sources and accounts for write-ins included by the primary sources as well as additional write-in votes not included in their tracking, which have been reported by Edison Research in Massachusetts, Illinois, Washington, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and New Jersey.
^New Hampshire's delegates will not be awarded through this unofficial primary.[131] The early date violates the DNC-approved calendar, which confirmed South Carolina as the first primary state.[132]
^Iowa's delegates were awarded through mail-in voting.[133]
^Originally scheduled for March 19. The state party only nominated Joe Biden as a candidate, canceling the primary.
^Originally scheduled for April 2. Only Joe Biden made the primary ballot, canceling the primary.
^The attorney, Michael Steinberg, represented himself independently in the interest of getting Phillips on the ballot; he was not appointed by Phillips.[325]
^Calculated by taking the difference of 100% and all other candidates combined.
^Biden's principal campaign committee, Biden for President, was also used for his earlier 2020 presidential campaign. Some of these figures, therefore, include money left over from that previous candidacy.
^These figures include data following Kennedy's withdrawal from the Democratic primary.
^"President": R. Boddie, Terrisa Bukovinac, Eban Cambridge, Gabriel Cornejo, Mark Stewart Greenstein, Tom Koos, Paul V. LaCava, Star Locke, Frankie Lozada, Stephen P. Lyons, Raymond Michael Moroz, Derek Nadeau, Mando Perez-Serrato, Donald Picard, Paperboy Love Prince, Richard Rist, Vermin Supreme, John Vail Received votes as a write-in not counted as "scatter": Nikki Haley (running as a Republican), Donald Trump (running as a Republican), Vivek Ramaswamy (ran as a Republican), Ron DeSantis (ran as a Republican), Chris Christie (ran as a Republican), Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (running as an Independent), CeaseFire (not a candidate), Bernie Sanders (not a candidate)
^Gabriel Cornejo, Superpayaseria Crystalroc, Brent Foutz, John Haywood, Stephen Alan Leon, Frankie Lozada, Stephen Lyons, Armando Perez-Serrato, Donald Picard, Mark R. Prascak
^Frank Lozada, Stephen Lyons, Armando Perez-Serrato
^"President": R. Boddie, Eban Cambridge, Gabriel Cornejo, Stephen P. Lyons, Armando "Mando" Perez-Serrato Recognized write-in candidates: Willie Felix Carter, President Cristina Nicole Grappo, Richard Gutierrez, James Mark Merts, Reed Michaelsen, Wayne Anthony Pope Sr.
^Gabriel Cornejo, Frankie Lozada, Stephen P. Lyons, Armando "Mando" Perez-Serrato
^"Delegate Selection Plan for the 2024 Democratic National Convention"(PDF). Delaware Dems. Retrieved February 7, 2024. Pursuant to Delaware State Law, if the Delaware Democratic Party submits the name of only one Presidential Candidate, and no other candidates file for the ballot, the state run presidential primary shall be cancelled.
^Lloyd, Sophie (August 23, 2023). "Jamie Lee Curtis' Mask Photo Sparks Uproar". Newsweek. Archived from the original on October 28, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2023. She recently announced her support for Democratic primary candidate Marianne Williamson on Instagram and has been championing the writers' and actors' strikes in Hollywood, led by the WGA and SAG-AFTRA.
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