Chipmunks may be classified either as a single genus, Tamias, or as three genera: Tamias, of which the eastern chipmunk (T. striatus) is the only living member; Eutamias, of which the Siberian chipmunk (E. sibiricus) is the only living member; and Neotamias, which includes the 23 remaining, mostly western North American, species. These classifications were treated as subgenera due to the chipmunks' morphological similarities.[2]
As a result, most taxonomies over the twentieth century have placed the chipmunks into a single genus. However, studies of mitochondrial DNA show that the divergence between each of the three chipmunk groups is comparable to the genetic differences between Marmota and Spermophilus,[2][3] so the three genera classifications have been adopted here.
The common name originally may have been spelled "chitmunk", from the native Odawa (Ottawa) word jidmoonh, meaning "red squirrel" (cf.Ojibweᐊᒋᑕᒨajidamoo).[4][5] The earliest form cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is "chipmonk", from 1842. Other early forms include "chipmuck" and "chipminck", and in the 1830s they were also referred to as "chip squirrels", probably in reference to the sound they make. In the mid-19th century, John James Audubon and his sons included a lithograph of the chipmunk in their Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America, calling it the "chipping squirrel [or] hackee".[6] Chipmunks have also been referred to as "ground squirrels"[7] (although the name "ground squirrel" may refer to other squirrels, such as those of the genus Spermophilus).[8]
Diet
An eastern chipmunk placing food in its cheek pouch
Chipmunks have an omnivorous diet primarily consisting of seeds, nuts and other fruits, and buds.[9][10] They also commonly eat grass, shoots, and many other forms of plant matter, as well as fungi, insects and other arthropods, small frogs, worms, and bird eggs. They will also occasionally eat newly hatched baby birds.[9][10][11] Around humans, chipmunks can eat cultivated grains and vegetables, and other plants from farms and gardens, so they are sometimes considered pests.[9][12] Chipmunks mostly forage on the ground, but they climb trees to obtain nuts such as hazelnuts and acorns.[9][13] At the beginning of autumn, many species of chipmunk begin to stockpile nonperishable foods for winter. They mostly cache their foods in a larder in their burrows and remain in their nests until spring, unlike some other species which make multiple small caches of food.[9]Cheek pouches allow chipmunks to carry food items to their burrows for either storage or consumption.[10]
Ecology and life history
Chipmunks in northern WisconsinEastern chipmunk at the entrance of its burrow
Eastern chipmunks, the largest of the chipmunks,[14] mate in early spring and again in early summer, producing litters of four or five young twice each year.[9] Western chipmunks breed only once a year. The young emerge from the burrow after about six weeks and strike out on their own within the next two weeks.[15]
These small mammals fulfill several important functions in forestecosystems. Their activities harvesting and hoarding tree seeds play a crucial role in seedling establishment. They consume many different kinds of fungi, including those involved in symbiotic mycorrhizal associations with trees, and are a vector for dispersal of the spores of subterranean sporocarps (truffles) in some regions.[16]
Chipmunks construct extensive burrows which can be more than 3.5 m (11 ft) in length with several well-concealed entrances.[17] The sleeping quarters are kept clear of shells, and feces are stored in refuse tunnels.[18]
The eastern chipmunk hibernates in the winter, while western chipmunks do not, relying on the stores in their burrows.[19]
Chipmunks play an important role as prey for various predatory mammals and birds but are also opportunistic predators themselves, particularly with regard to bird eggs and nestlings, as in the case of eastern chipmunks and mountain bluebirds (Siala currucoides).[20]
Chipmunks typically live about three years, although some have been observed living to nine years in captivity.[21]
Chipmunks are diurnal. In captivity, they are said to sleep for an average of about 15 hours a day. It is thought that mammals which can sleep in hiding, such as rodents and bats, tend to sleep longer than those that must remain on alert.[22]
^Nichols, John D. and Earl Nyholm (1995). A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
^Audubon, John James; Bachman, John (1967). Imperial Collection of Audubon Mammals. New York: Bonanza Books, a division of Crown Publishing Group. p. 52.
^Kryštufek, B.; B. Vohralík (2013). "Taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic rodents (Rodentia). Part 2. Sciuridae: Urocitellus, Marmota and Sciurotamias". Lynx, N. S. (Praha). 44: 22.
^Kays, R. W.; Wilson, Don E. (2009). Mammals of North America (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 72. ISBN978-0-691-14092-6.
^Sullivan, Janet. "WILDLIFE SPECIES: Sialia currucoides". Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
Gordon, Kenneth Llewellyn (1943). The Natural History and Behavior of the Western Chipmunk and the Mantled Ground Squirrel. Oregon State College Monographs. Studies in zoology, no. 5. Corvallis, Or.: Oregon State College. LCCN44053700. OCLC752445896.
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