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Coțofeni culture

"Coțofeni" redirects here. For the similarly-named communes, see Coțofenii.
Coțofeni/Kocofeni culture
Geographical rangeRomania, Bulgaria, Serbia
PeriodChalcolithic to Early Bronze Age
Datesbetween c. 3500 and 2500 BC
Preceded byCernavoda culture, Usatove culture, Bodrogkeresztúr culture
Followed byBaden culture, Vučedol culture, Glina-Schneckenberg culture, Wietenberg culture, Ottomány culture
See also: Baden culture
Map

The Coțofeni culture (Serbian: Kocofeni), also known as the Baden-Coțofeni culture,[1] and generally associated with the Usatove culture,[2][3] was an Early Bronze Age archaeological culture that existed between 3500 and 2500 BC in the mid-Danube area of south-eastern Central Europe.

The first report of a Coțofeni find was made by Fr. Schuster[4] in 1865 from the Râpa Roșie site in Sebeș (present-day Alba County, Romania). Since then, this culture has been studied by a number of people to varying degrees. Some of the more prominent contributors to the study of this culture include C. Gooss, K. Benkő, B. Orbán, G. Téglas, K. Herepey, S. Fenichel, Julius Teutsch, Cezar Bolliac, V. Christescu, Teohari Antonescu, and Cristian Popa.

Geographic area

The Coțofeni culture area can be seen from two perspectives, as a fluctuation zone, or in its maximum area of extent. This covers present day Maramureș, some areas in Sătmar, the mountainous and hilly areas of Crișana, Transylvania,[5][6] Banat,[7] Oltenia,[8] Muntenia (not including the North-East), and across the Danube in present-day eastern Serbia and northwestern Bulgaria.[9]

Chronology

Absolute chronology

Bronze Age in Romania Unfortunately, most of the Coțofeni culture chronology is based on just three samples collected at three different Coțofeni sites. Based on these radiocarbon dates, this culture can be placed between roughly 3500 and 2500 BC.[10]

Relative chronology

Cultural synchronisms have been established based on mutual trade relations (visible as imported items) as well as stratigraphic observations. There is an evident synchronicity between:

Coțofeni I - Cernavoda III - Baden A - Spherical Amphorae;

Coțofeni II - Baden B-C Kostolac;[11][12]

Coțofeni III - Kostolac-Vučedol A-B.

Relations with contemporary neighbouring cultures

During the evolution of the Coțofeni culture, there were clearly relationships with other neighbouring cultures. The influence between the Coțofeni and their neighbours the Baden, Kostolac,[13] Vučedol, Globular Amphora culture as well as the Ochre Burial populations was reciprocal. The areas bordering these cultures show cultural traits that have mixed aspects, for example Coțofeni-Baden[14][15] and Coțofeni-Kostolac finds. These finds of mixed aspects suggest a cohabitation between related populations.[16] It also supports the idea of well established trade between cultures.

  • Ceramic vessels, stone and bone tools, Romania
    Ceramic vessels, stone and bone tools, Romania
  • Pottery, Romania
    Pottery, Romania
  • Pottery from Ighiu, Tăuți and Unirea, Romania.
    Pottery from Ighiu, Tăuți and Unirea, Romania.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Szekely, Zsolt (2009). "The Beginning of the Early Bronze Age in South-Eastern Transylvania". In Berecki, Sandor; Nemeth, Rita; Rezi, Botond (eds.). Bronze Age Communities in the Carpathian Basin. Editura MEGA. pp. 39–44.
  2. ^ Chernykh, Evgenil Nikolaevich (1992-12-03). Ancient Metallurgy in the USSR: The Early Metal Age. CUP Archive. p. 95. ISBN 9780521252577.
  3. ^ Anthony, David W. (2010-07-26). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. p. 361. ISBN 9781400831104.
  4. ^ Fr. W. Schuster, 1867, Ueber alte Begräbnißstätten bei Mühlbach, în Programm des evangelischen Untergymnasiums zu Mühlbach und die damit verbundenen Lehranstalten Mühlbachs, 1866-1867, p. 3-16.
  5. ^ H. Ciugudean, 1996, Perioada timpurie a epocii bronzului în centrul și sud-vestul Transilvaniei, Bibliotheca Thracologica, XIII, Bucharest, 1996.
  6. ^ Z. Kalmar, 1983, Descoperiri Coțofeni în bazinul someșan (Someșuri, Crasna, Almaș), in ActaMP, VII, 1983, p. 61-68.
  7. ^ H. Ciugudean, 2000, Eneoliticul final în Transilvania și Banat: cultura Coțofeni, Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Banatica, Timișoara, 2000.
  8. ^ D. Berciu, 1939, Arheologia preistorică a Olteniei, Craiova, 1939.
  9. ^ S. Alexandrov, 1990, Cultura Coțofeni în Bulgaria (Doctoral thesis, advisor. D. Berciu), Bucharest, 1990 (mss.).
  10. ^ P. Raczky, 1995, New data on the absolute chronology of the Copper Age in the Carpathian Basin, în Neure Daten zur Siedlungsgeschichte und Chronologie der Kupferzeit des Karpatenbeckens, Inventaria Praehistorica Hungarie, Budapest, 1995, p. 51-60.
  11. ^ P. I. Roman, 1977, Noțiunea de "cultura Kostolac", in SCIVA, 28, 1977, 3, p. 419-429.
  12. ^ P. I. Roman, 1980, Der "Kostolac-Kultur"-Begriff nach 35 Jahren, in PZ, 55, 1980, 2, p. 220-227.
  13. ^ D. Nikolić, 2000, Kostolačka kultura na teritoriji Srbje, Centre for Archaeological Research, 19, Beograd, 2000.
  14. ^ I. Emödi, 1984, Descoperiri ale culturilor Coțofeni și Baden în peșterile Igrița și Izbândiș, in ActaMN, XXI, 1984, p. 405-431.
  15. ^ S. Morintz, P. Roman, 1973, Über die Übergangsperiode vom Äneolithikum zur Bronzezeit in Rumänien, in Symposium Badener Kultur, Bratislava, 1973, p.259-295.
  16. ^ P. I. Roman, 1982, Constituirea noilor grupe etnoculturale de la începutul epocii bronzului, in Carpica, XIV, 1982, p. 39-49.

References

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