Share to:

 

Defence Space Agency

Defence Space Agency
Insignia of the Defence Space Agency
Active
  • Established: 28 September 2018; 6 years ago (2018-09-28)[1][2]
  • Operational: November 2019 (2019-11)[3]
Country India
TypeIntegrated tri-services agency
RoleSpace Warfare
Satellite Intelligence
Part ofIntegrated Defence Staff[4]
HeadquartersBengaluru[5]
Commanders
Current
commander		Air vice marshal-level officer

The Defence Space Agency (DSA) is an integrated tri-services agency of the Indian Armed Forces headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. The agency is tasked with operating the space-warfare and Satellite Intelligence[6] assets of India. The DSA draws personnel from all three branches of the Armed Forces.

The agency is expected to be converted into a full sized tri-service military command in the future.[3]

History

Origins

The Naresh Chandra Task Force was set up in July 2011 by National Security Advisor Shivshankar Menon to review the recommendations of the Kargil Review Committee, assess the implementation progress and further suggest new reforms related to national security.[7][8] The task force was led by Naresh Chandra, retired Indian Administrative Service officer, and comprised 13 other members, including Gopalaswami Parthasarathy, Air Chief Marshal Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy (Retd), Admiral Arun Prakash (Retd), Lt Gen V. R. Raghavan (Retd), Anil Kakodkar, K C Verma and V K Duggal. The committee conducted the first holistic review of national security since the Kargil Review Committee and submitted its classified report to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 23 May 2012.[9] Among its recommendations, the Task Force recommended the creation of a cyber command, an aerospace command and a special operations command. All three units were proposed to be tri-service commands.[10][11] The DSA is a downsized implementation of this proposal.[3]

The creation of the Defence Space Agency (DSA), the Defence Cyber Agency (DCA), and the Armed Forces Special Operations Division (AFSOD) was approved by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during the Combined Commanders' Conference at Jodhpur Air Force Station on 28 September 2018.[1][2] The Defence Imagery Processing and Analysis Centre in Delhi and the Defence Satellite Control Centre in Bhopal were subsumed by the DSA.[3]

Anti-satellite programme of India

Further information: Mission Shakti
Indian ASAT missile, taking off during test in March 2019

Months before the operationalisation of the Defence Space Agency, India conducted an Anti-satellite weapon (ASAT) test in March 2019. The test was aimed at demonstrating India's anti-satellite capability.[12]

The Indian ASAT programme can be traced back to its BMD program, which began in 1999 in response to threats posed by the Ballistic missiles of Pakistan and China.[13] In 2006 and 2007, India tested its first exo atmospheric interceptor and has developed many interceptors since then.[14][15] On 18 March 2008, DRDO Chief V. K. Saraswat had hinted that India possessed technology required for an ASAT missile, reiterating it in February 2010.[16] India is known to have been developing an exo-atmospheric kill vehicle that can be integrated with the missile to engage satellites.[17] In April 2012, Saraswat again said that India possessed the critical technologies for an ASAT weapon from radars and interceptors developed for Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme.[18] India had begun work on its ASAT soon after the 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test.[16]

As of April 2019, India was working on directed energy ASAT weapons, co-orbital ASAT weapons, lasers and electromagnetic pulse (EMP) based ASAT weapons. The ability to protect space assets from hostile electronic and physical attacks was also being developed by India.[19]

Expansion

It was reported in late 2023 that the Indian Air Force (IAF) has proposed to rename itself as the Indian Air and Space Force (IASF) with an enhanced focus on space-based capabilities India also plans to have over 100 small and large military satellites within 7 to 8 years with the DSA to expand into a full-fledged Space Command.[20]

After the approval of 52 surveillance and communication satellites for the Indian Armed Forces, the Department of Military Affairs gave a detailed presentation to the senior members of the Ministry of Defence and key stakeholders from ISRO and DRDO in December 2024. According to a report, plans are being devised to strengthen the Defence Space Agency and other related organisations by increasing the agency's manpower, ground-based infrastructure, space-based assets as well as ensuring their protection from threats. These steps are being taken to enhance India's space-centric warfare capabilities.[21]

Exercise

IndSpaceEx

India conducted its first simulated space warfare exercise on 25th and 26 July 2019, called IndSpaceEx. The exercise was conducted under the supervision of Integrated Defence Staff. The exercise was aimed at obtaining an assessment of threats and the creation of a joint space warfare doctrine.[22][23]

Antariksh Abhyan

The first edition of the exercise was conducted from 11 to 13 November 2024 by Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff. The exercise will simulate various scenarios of war-game the growing threats from and to Space Based Assets and Services.[24]

Space Based Surveillance

As of 2024, India operates 9 military satellites.[25]

The Space Based Surveillance Phase-I project was approved by the "Vajpeyee government" on 2001 as a part of which 4 satellites — Cartosat-2A, Cartosat-2B, EROS B and RISAT-2 — were launched.[26]

The Space Based Surveillance Phase-II project was approved by the government on 2013 as a part of which 6 satellites — Cartosat-2C, Cartosat-2D, Cartosat-3A, Cartosat-3B, Microsat-TD, RISAT-2A — were cleared.[26]

On 12 October 2024, India's Cabinet Committee on Security approved a proposal for the development, construction and launch of at least 52 spy satellites as a part of Space Based Surveillance Phase-III project intended to enhance the country's surveillance capabilities from space in both land and sea domains. The project, worth ₹26,968 crore (US$3.1 billion), will be supervised by National Security Council Secretariat along with the Defence Space Agency under the Integrated Defence Staff. Of these satellites 21 will be built by ISRO and the others by 31 private sector companies. They will enhance the SATCOM capabilities of UAVs like the MQ-9B Predator drones that are on order. The SBS system will provide round-the-clock monitoring, unaffected by weather, time of day, or atmospheric conditions and may have secondary civilian applications as well. All the satellites is to be launched within 5 years at Geosynchronous Equatorial Orbit (GEO) and Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The satellites will be equipped with artificial intelligence for inter-satellite communications.[27][28][29][26] The role of these satellites would be surveillance, reconnaissance, communication and other strategic purposes. The CCS has also, reportedly, approved two agencies to develop multiple types of defensive and offensive capabilities from space.[21]

While the Space-based Surveillance projects deal with earth observation satellites, the Indian Armed Forces also uses communications satellites of the GSAT-7 series of which GSAT-7 and GSAT-7A are operational while GSAT-7B, GSAT-7C and GSAT-7R are on order for launch.

List of Indian military satellites

As of 2023, India has only 2 dedicated military satellites (GSAT-7 and GSAT-7A) with the rest being dual purpose military satellites.[30][31]

Operational

  1. CARTOSAT-2B carries a panchromatic (PAN) camera capable of taking black-and-white pictures in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum which has a resolution of 80 centimetres.[32] The highly agile CARTOSAT-2B can be steered up to 45 deg along as well as across the direction of its movement to facilitate imaging of any area more frequently and offers multiple spot scene imagery.[33][34]
  2. GSAT-7 was launched in 2013 for the exclusive use of the Indian Navy to monitor the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) with the satellite's 2,000 nautical mile ‘footprint’ and real-time input capabilities to Indian warships, submarines and maritime aircraft.[35] To boost its network-centric operations, the IAF is also likely to get another satellite GSAT-7C within a few years.[35]
  3. HySIS, a dual use satellite, was also launched in November 2013, which is used by the navy.[36] HySIS carries two payloads, the first in the Visible Near Infrared (VNIR) spectral range of 0.4 to 0.95 micrometres with 60 contiguous spectral bands and the second in the Shortwave Infrared Range (SWIR) spectral range of 0.85 to 2.4 micrometres with a 10 nanometre bandwidth and 256 contiguous spectral bands. The satellite will have a spatial resolution of 30 meters and a swath of 30 km from its 630 km sun-synchronous orbit.[37][38][39][40][41]
  4. Cartosat-2C: Launched in June 2016, the satellite was used in reconnaissance purposes before and during 2016 Indian Line of Control strike.[42]
  5. Cartosat-2E: Launched on 23 June 2017, the Cartosat-2E satellite was designed to collect high-resolution (0.6 m×0.6 m), large scale imagery. The satellite provides an edge in warfare with clearer images. The satellite is also used for urban planning, infrastructure development and traffic management.[43]
  6. GSAT-7A: Launched in December 2018 for the exclusive military use for the Indian Air Force.[44][45] GSAT-7A allows IAF to interlink different ground radar stations, ground airbase, aircraft to aircraft Real-time Control System, AEW&C aircraft such as Beriev A-50-based Phalcon and DRDO Netra. The satellite enhances network-centric warfare capabilities of the Indian Air Force and its global operations.[46][47] The satellite is also used by Indian Army's Aviation Corps for real-time control and communication of its aviation operations.[48][49]
  7. EMISAT: Launched on 1 April 2019, is a reconnaissance satellite[50] under DRDO's project Kautilya[51] which will provide space-based electronic intelligence or ELINT, especially to improve the situational awareness of the Indian Armed Forces by providing information and location of enemy radars.[52]
  8. RISAT-2B: Launched on 22 May 2019 has replaced the retired RISAT-2. The primary requirement of the satellite is military surveillance along with secondary civilian purposes like disaster management, agriculture and forestry.[53][54]
  9. RISAT-2BR1: Launched on 11 December 2019 as a part of RISAT series. It can distinguish between objects which are 35 cm apart.[55]
  10. EOS-01 (previously RISAT-2BR2)

Planned

  1. GSAT-7R, planned to replace GSAT-7 for the Indian Navy.[56]
  2. GSAT-7B, planned to be first dedicated military satellite for the Indian Army. The approval was granted by Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) on 21 March 2023. The multiband military satellite, featuring integrated communication for network-centric operations, will be launched in 2-3 years.[57] Contract for a 5-tonne satellite signed with NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), worth ₹2,963 crore (US$340 million) on 29 March 2023. The satellite would provide beyond line of sight communication to troops and formations as well as weapon and airborne platforms.[58][30]
  3. GSAT-7C, planned to replace GSAT-7A for the Indian Air Force.[59]
  4. RISAT-2A: Initially planned for launch before RISAT-2B around December 2018 was postponed to 2020. However, there have been no further updates as of 2024. The satellite is planned to be equipped with synthetic-aperture radar and will operate at 5.35 GHz in C band.[60][61][62]
  5. Cartosat-3A (EOS-8): Planned to be launched on PSLV-XL. Will have a panchromatic resolution of 0.25 metres and a high quality resolution of 1 metre. To be launched in 2024.[63][26]
  6. Cartosat-3B: Planned to be launched on PSLV-XL. Will have a panchromatic resolution of 0.25 metres and a high quality resolution of 1 metre. To be launched in 2025.[63][26][64]

Decommissioned

  1. Technology Experiment Satellite or (TES) is an experimental satellite to demonstrate and validate, in orbit, technologies that could be used in the future satellites of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).[65] The Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) has a panchromatic camera capable of producing images of 1 meter resolution for remote sensing.[66] The launch of TES made India the second country in the world after the United States that can commercially offer images with one meter resolution.[66] It is used for remote sensing of civilian areas, mapping industry and geographical information services.
  2. RISAT-2, or Radar Imaging Satellite 2 has a primary sensor, the synthetic aperture radar from Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI).[67] RISAT-2 is India's first satellite with a synthetic aperture radar. It has a day-night, all-weather monitoring capability and has a resolution of one metre.[68] Potential applications include tracking hostile ships at sea.[69] Though the Indian Space Research Organisation sought to underplay the satellite's defence capabilities in its website and in its announcements, a majority of the media preferred to classify it as a spy satellite.[70] ISRO claims that the satellite will enhance ISRO's capability for earth observation, especially during floods, cyclones, landslides and in disaster management in a more effective way.[71]
  3. CARTOSAT-2 carries a state-of-the-art panchromatic (PAN) camera that take black and white pictures of the Earth in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The swath covered by these high resolution PAN cameras is 9.6 km and their spatial resolution is 80 centimetres.[72] The satellite can be steered up to 45 degrees along as well as across the track. CARTOSAT-2 is an advanced remote sensing satellite capable of providing scene-specific spot imagery. The data from the satellite will be used for detailed mapping and other cartographic applications at cadastral level, urban and rural infrastructure development and management, as well as applications in Land Information System (LIS) and Geographical Information System (GIS).[73] Cartosat was decommissioned and the perigee lowered by controlled burns between March and Sep 2020 as debris mitigation activities. This will result in the orbit naturally decaying and re-entry within 10 years.
  4. GSAT-6A is a dedicated satellite for army as a replacement for GSAT-6 which lost communication after its launch.[74]
  5. Microsat-R, a dedicated military satellite for the Indian Armed Forces, was launched on 24 January 2019. The 760 kg imaging satellite was launched using PSLV C-44 rocket.[75]

Organisation

The headquarter of the DSA is in Bangalore.[5] It functions under the Integrated Defence Staff.[4] Personnel from all the three branches of the Indian Armed Forces will be stationed in the agency.[4] The agency is expected to be fully operational by November 2019.[3]

Role

The DSA will operate systems to protect Indian interests in outer space and will deal with potential space wars. The agency will have the responsibility of developing a space warfare strategy.[76] It works on Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), Electronic Intelligence (ELINT), Communication Intelligence (COMINT) and in areas like space-based tracking systems.[77][78]

Defence Space Research Agency

The Defence Space Research Agency (DSRA) is the scientific organisation responsible for developing space-warfare systems and technologies for the Defence Space Agency. The DSRA was approved by the Government of India in June 2019.[79] The DSRA is composed of scientists who undertake research and development in close coordination with the Integrated Defence Staff.[80] Various types of Anti-satellite weapon systems are currently under development.[19]

See also

Integrated entities
Assets
Other nations
General concepts

References

  1. ^ a b "PM Narendra Modi attends Combined Commanders' Conference in Jodhpur". The Economic Times. 28 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  2. ^ a b "Major General A K Dhingra appointed as the first Special Operations Division Commander". The Economic Times. 15 May 2019. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Agencies take shape for special operations, space, cyber war". The Times of India. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Peri, Dinakar (16 May 2019). "Centre names officers for tri-service divisions". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  5. ^ a b "Defence Space agency to come up at Bengaluru". The Economic Times. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.[permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^ "Agencies take shape for special operations, space, cyber war". The Times of India. 16 May 2019. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  7. ^ Joshi, Manoj (22 November 2013). "Shutting his ears to change". India Today. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  8. ^ Joshi, Manoj (March 2014). "Policy Report: The Unending Quest to Reform India National Security System" (PDF). S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) (www.rsis.edu.sg). Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  9. ^ "All eyes on Naresh Chandra report on natl security today". Rediff. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  10. ^ Kanwal, Gurmeet; Kohli, Neha. "Defence Reforms: A National Imperative" (PDF). Brookings. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  11. ^ "Formation of Indian armed forces' special operations unit begins, to have 3000 commandos". The New Indian Express. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  12. ^ "Modi hails India as military space power after anti-satellite missile test". Reuters. 28 March 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  13. ^ Interview: Vijay Kumar Saraswat[dead link‍]
  14. ^ Ratliff, Ben. "India successfully tests missile interceptor". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  15. ^ "DRDO readies shield against Chinese ICBMs". India Today. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  16. ^ a b Shukla, Ajai (28 March 2019). "India successfully tests ASAT missile, joins space superpower club". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  17. ^ "Why India Needs to Demonstrate Anti Satellite (ASAT) Capability - Publicly - Strategic Frontier Research Foundation". 12 February 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  18. ^ Unnithan, Sandeep (27 April 2012). "India has all the building blocks for an anti-satellite capability". India Today. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  19. ^ a b "ASAT missile: Satellite-killer not a one-off, India working on star wars armoury | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. 7 April 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  20. ^ "IAF goes full throttle to turn into an 'aerospace power'". The Times of India. 11 December 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  21. ^ a b "Preparing for future warfare, Indian defence forces looking to expand space assets, manpower". The Economic Times. 17 December 2024. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  22. ^ "Eye on China, India set to kickstart 1st space war drill | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  23. ^ "Space Defence | Is India prepared to fight, and win tomorrow's wars?". Moneycontrol. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  24. ^ "First Ever Space Exercise 'Antariksha Abhyas – 2024' hosted by Defence Space Agency begins in New Delhi". Press Information Bureau. 11 November 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  25. ^ "Satellite Database | Union of Concerned Scientists". www.ucsusa.org. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  26. ^ a b c d e "Exclusive: CCS clears launch of 52 surveillance satellites". Hindustan Times. 11 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  27. ^ "CCS 'approves launch of 52 spy satellites for Rs 27,000 crore to boost space surveillance". The Times of India. 12 October 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  28. ^ "Space spy squad: India greenlights 52 satellites for Rs 27,000 crore sky-high surveillance". The Economic Times. 12 October 2024. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  29. ^ Desk, DH Web. "Modi government approves Rs 27,000 crore worth spy satellites for space surveillance: Report". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 20 October 2024. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  30. ^ a b "After Navy & IAF, Army to get dedicated satellite Gsat-7B as MoD inks Rs 3k cr deal with NSIL". The Times of India. 31 March 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  31. ^ "As Space Security Scares Mount, India Works on Military Space Capabilities". The Wire. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  32. ^ "Cartosat 2 and 2B/Alsat 2A/StudSAT/Cartosat 2A/ISRO/PSLV C15 Rocket". Archived from the original on 16 July 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  33. ^ "Spy satellite to catch miners, land encroachers". 12 July 2010.
  34. ^ "CartoSat-2B - eoPortal". www.eoportal.org. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  35. ^ a b Why Isro's Gsat-7A launch is important for the Indian Air Force, Times of India, 19 Dec 2018.
  36. ^ 3 satellites in 35 days, Economic Times, Dec 2018.
  37. ^ D.s, Madhumathi (9 August 2017). "ISRO to develop full-fledged hyperspectral imaging satellite". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  38. ^ "India's Tech Roadmap Points to Small Sats, Space Weapons". Archived from the original on 21 January 2015.
  39. ^ "Nellore: Hyperspectral Imaging Satellite to be launched on November 29". Deccan Chronicle. 24 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  40. ^ "Isro to launch hyperspectral imaging sat with 30 foreign satellites on Nov 29 - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  41. ^ "The militaristic claims of ISRO's latest satellite have been greatly exaggerated". ThePrint. 4 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  42. ^ "Surgical Strikes: First major use of Cartosat images for Army". The Times of India. 30 September 2016. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  43. ^ "Defence ministry clears proposal for GSAT-7C satellite for IAF: A look at other military satellites in India". Firstpost. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  44. ^ Why Isro's Gsat-7A launch is important for the Indian Air Force, Times of India, 19 Dec 2018.
  45. ^ "India's Tech Roadmap Points to Small Sats, Space Weapons". Archived from the original on 21 January 2015.
  46. ^ Chandrayaan-2 on track, 32 missions next year: ISRO, Indian Express, 20 Dec 2018.
  47. ^ Why Isro's Gsat-7A launch is important for the Indian Air Force, Times of India, 19 Dec 2018.
  48. ^ "India's Tech Roadmap Points to Small Sats, Space Weapons". Archived from the original on 21 January 2015.
  49. ^ "IAF to induct 214 fifth generation fighter jets". Archived from the original on 6 October 2011.
  50. ^ "PSLV C45 Launch Kit". www.isro.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  51. ^ "Kautilya". Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  52. ^ D.s, Madhumathi (1 April 2019). "India gets surveillance satellite". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  53. ^ D.S, Madhumathi (2 April 2019). "Starting May, ISRO to launch a string of 'defence' satellites". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  54. ^ "Display: RISAT-2B 2019-028A". NASA. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  55. ^ "Defence ministry clears proposal for GSAT-7C satellite for IAF: A look at other military satellites in India". Firstpost. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  56. ^ Pubby, Manu (18 July 2019). "Indian Navy: Navy to buy Rs 1,589 crore satellite from ISRO". Economic Times. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  57. ^ Philip, Snehesh Alex (23 March 2022). "India eyes more military satellites, aims for secure communication & 24-hr border surveillance". ThePrint. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  58. ^ "Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks two contracts with BEL, worth Rs 2,400 crore, for procurement of Automated Air Defence Control & Reporting System 'Project Akashteer' for Indian Army..." Press Information Bureau. 29 March 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  59. ^ P, Rajat (22 September 2018). "Satellite control set to give drones more sting". The Times of India.
  60. ^ "RISAT 2A". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  61. ^ "Isro to launch slew of military satellites soon". The Times of India. 23 April 2018. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  62. ^ D.S, Madhumathi (2 April 2019). "Starting May, ISRO to launch a string of 'defence' satellites". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  63. ^ a b "Cartosat 3, 3A, 3B". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  64. ^ "PSLV-XL | Cartosat-3B". nextspaceflight.com. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  65. ^ "Technology Experiment Satellite (TES)". Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  66. ^ a b "India's spy satellite boost". BBC. 27 November 2001. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
  67. ^ Krebs, Gunter. "ANUSAT". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
  68. ^ Herman, Steve (20 April 2008). "India Launches High-Tech Imaging Satellite". Voice of America. Retrieved 31 July 2009. [permanent dead link‍]
  69. ^ "India's spy in the sky: ISRO launches RISAT-2". CNN-IBN. 20 April 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  70. ^ "India launches key spy satellite". BBC. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  71. ^ "RISAT-2". Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  72. ^ "CARTOSAT-2 program data". Archived from the original on 18 July 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  73. ^ "Cartosat 2 and 2B/Alsat 2A/StudSAT/Cartosat 2A/ISRO/PSLV C15 Rocket". Archived from the original on 16 July 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  74. ^ Why Isro's Gsat-7A launch is important for the Indian Air Force, Times of India, 19 Dec 2018.
  75. ^ India launches military satellite, Times of India, 25 January 2019.
  76. ^ "Government finalises broad contours of defence space agency". The Economic Times. 11 June 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  77. ^ Peri, Dinakar (26 March 2021). "Two years since ASAT test, DRDO working on several key space technologies". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  78. ^ D'Souza, Caroline Esther (26 March 2021). "India increases military capabilities in space two years after Mission Shakti". Zee News. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  79. ^ "Defence Space Research Agency: Modi govt approves new body to develop space weapon systems". India Today. 11 June 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  80. ^ ANI (11 June 2019). "Modi govt approves new agency to develop space warfare weapon systems". Business Standard India. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya