Gardiki Castle, Corfu

Gardiki Castle
Gardiki Castle
Κάστρο Γαρδικίου
Part of Byzantine Defences of Corfu
Corfu, Ionian Islands, Greece
	Gardiki Castle
	Gardiki Castle
Coordinates	39°28′37″N 19°53′08″E / 39.4768106°N 19.8855583°E
Type	citadel
Site information
Owner	Greece Greek Ministry of Culture
Controlled by	Despotate of Epirus after 1214–59; Michael I 1205–1214/15; Michael II 1230–1259; Kingdom of Sicily 1259–66; Manfred 1259–66; Kingdom of Sicily 1266–1386; Republic of Venice 1386–1797; Corcyre 1797–1800; Septinsular Republic 1800–1807; First French Empire 1807–14; United States of the Ionian Islands 1815–64; Greece c. 1864;
Open to; the public	Yes
Condition	Preserved
Site history
Built by	Byzantine Empire
Materials	hewn stone (ashlar)

Gardiki Castle (Greek: Κάστρο Γαρδικίου) is a 13th-century Byzantine castle on the southwestern coast of Corfu and the only surviving medieval fortress on the southern part of the island.^[1]^[2] It was built by a ruler of the Despotate of Epirus,^[3] and was one of three castles which defended the island before the Venetian era (1401–1797). The three castles formed a defensive triangle, with Gardiki guarding the island's south, Kassiopi Castle the northeast and Angelokastro the northwest^[4]

Origins and location

The castle dates from the thirteenth century and is located on a low hill near the village of Agios Matthaios, which is situated at a higher elevation.^[5]^[6] The ruler responsible for the construction of the castle is not known, but it is assumed that it was built either by Michael I Komnenos or his son Michael II Komnenos, rulers of the Despotate of Epirus.^[6] Immediately to the south of the castle lies Korissia Lake which is separated from the sea by a narrow strip of land.^[7]^[8]

Remains from the upper Paleolithic era, dating from 20,000 B.C., when Corfu was still united to the mainland region of Epirus, were found on the site of the castle at the rock shelter of Grava Gardikiou, including hunter-gatherer stone tools and animal bones,^[9] which have since been removed and are exhibited at the Archaeological Museum of Corfu.^[3]^[10]

The location of Gardiki at the narrow southwest flank of Corfu provided protection to the fields and the southern lowlands of Corfu and in combination with Kassiopi Castle on the northeastern coast of the island and Byzantine Angelokastro protecting the northwestern shore of Corfu, formed a triangular line of defence which protected Corfu during the pre-Venetian era.^[3]^[4]^[11]

Architecture

The walls of Gardiki Castle form an octagon and the structure features eight strong towers decorated by rows of tiles. There are elements from an ancient structure which have been incorporated into the construction of the castle. The ancient structure was probably a fountain-house.^[1]^[5]^[6]

The eight towers are square in shape and the outline of the octagonal structure is almost elliptical. At the top of the southern tower there are traces of a chapel with remnants of religious frescoes of portraits of saints.^[1]^[3] Although in a state of disrepair, the towers still retain their full height.^[1] The castle entrance is preserved but the interior is in a state of ruin.^[7]^[8]

Gardiki Castle is considered one of the most imposing architectural remains in the Ionian Islands,^[12] along with Angelokastro, Kassiopi Castle and the two Venetian Fortresses of Corfu City, the Citadel and the New Fort.^[12]

Historical reference

Corfiote noble Andrea Marmora,^[13] the earliest historian of Corfu in medieval times, in his 1672 book Della Historia di Corfù mentions that the despots of Epirus adorned the city of Corfu with "most noble buildings" and built defences in other places on the island, including the fortresses of Gardiki and Angelokastro amongst other important sites.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Architectural highlights

Detail of one of the towers of the castle]]
Detail of the walls
Outer perimeter of Gardiki Castle
Detail of the walls

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Stamatopoulos, Nondas (1993). Old Corfu: history and culture (3 ed.). N. Stamatopoulos. p. 166. ISBN 9789608403000. The Byzantine Fortress at Gardiki The only remaining ancient fortification in the southern part of the island is the ruined fortress of Gardiki on the lower...
^ DK Publishing (1 May 2012). Top 10 Corfu & the Ionian Islands. DK Publishing. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-7566-9434-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Nick Edwards (2003). The Rough Guide to Corfu. Rough Guides. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-84353-038-1. On the other side of Mount Ayios Matheos. 2 km by road, is Gardiki Pirgos, the ruins of a thirteenth-century castle built in this unlikely lowland setting by the despots of Epirus.
^ ^a ^b Dēmētrēs Philippidēs (1983). Greek Traditional Architecture: Eastern Aegean, Sporades-Ionian Islands. Vol. 1. Melissa. p. 222.
^ ^a ^b A. B. Tataki (Director of Research of the National Hellenic Research Foundation) (1983). Corfu: History, Monuments, Museums. Ekdotike Athenon S.A. p. 68.
^ ^a ^b ^c John Freely (28 April 2008). The Ionian Islands: Corfu, Cephalonia, Ithaka and Beyond. I. B. Tauris, Limited. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-84511-696-5.
^ ^a ^b Korina Miller (15 September 2010). Greek Islands. Lonely Planet. p. 446. ISBN 978-1-74220-343-0.
^ ^a ^b Lonely Planet; Korina Miller; Kate Armstrong; Alexis Averbuck; Michael S Clark; Chris Deliso; Des Hannigan; Victoria Kyriakopoulos; Andrea Schulte-Peevers; Richard Waters (1 March 2012). Lonely Planet Greece. Lonely Planet. p. 657. ISBN 978-1-74321-014-7.
^ Kate Armstrong; Michael Clark; Chris Deliso (2008). Greek Islands. Lonely Planet. p. 458. ISBN 978-1-74104-314-3.
^ Marc Dubin (17 June 2013). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: The Greek Islands: The Greek Islands. DK Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-4654-1360-4.
^ "The Old Town of Corfu Nomination for inclusion on the World Heritage List STATE PARTY Greece STATE, PROVINCE OR REGION Greece, lonian Islands Region, Corfu Prefecture NAME OF PROPERTY The Old Town of Corfu" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 29. One thing is certain, however. The area under plough outside the walls increased, since the village communities multiplied across the entire island (if we are to judge from the Byzantine castles that have survived) in order to protect the fields. They are castles such as Kassiopi, Angelokastro and Gardiki and, of course, the Old Fortress which was the medieval town itself.
^ ^a ^b Martin Young (1977). Corfu and the Other Ionian Islands. Cape. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-224-01307-9. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
^ Essays on the Latin Orient. CUP Archive. 1921. p. 212. Andrea Marmora, a member of a noble family still extant in Corfu, published in Italian ...
^ Andrea Marmora, Della Historia di Corfù, 1672, Libro 4, p. 210 "Adorno egli di nobilissimi edificii la Città; fabbricò in posto, molto atto alla difesa, il castel S. Angelo; fortificò Gardichio e altri luoghi importanti sù l'Isola..."
^ Miller, William (1908). The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566). E. P. Dutton. p. 514. Retrieved 1 October 2013. The oldest historian of Corfu may be exaggerating when he says that the Despots of Epiros adorned the city with most noble buildings
^ William Miller (1964). "The Latins in the Levant". Web archive.

[Stamatopoulos-1] Stamatopoulos, Nondas (1993). Old Corfu: history and culture (3 ed.). N. Stamatopoulos. p. 166. ISBN 9789608403000. The Byzantine Fortress at Gardiki The only remaining ancient fortification in the southern part of the island is the ruined fortress of Gardiki on the lower...

[Publishing2012-2] DK Publishing (1 May 2012). Top 10 Corfu & the Ionian Islands. DK Publishing. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-7566-9434-0.

[Edwards2003-3] Nick Edwards (2003). The Rough Guide to Corfu. Rough Guides. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-84353-038-1. On the other side of Mount Ayios Matheos. 2 km by road, is Gardiki Pirgos, the ruins of a thirteenth-century castle built in this unlikely lowland setting by the despots of Epirus.

[Philippidēs1983-4] Dēmētrēs Philippidēs (1983). Greek Traditional Architecture: Eastern Aegean, Sporades-Ionian Islands. Vol. 1. Melissa. p. 222.

[Tataki-5] A. B. Tataki (Director of Research of the National Hellenic Research Foundation) (1983). Corfu: History, Monuments, Museums. Ekdotike Athenon S.A. p. 68.

[Freely2008-6] John Freely (28 April 2008). The Ionian Islands: Corfu, Cephalonia, Ithaka and Beyond. I. B. Tauris, Limited. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-84511-696-5.

[Miller2010-7] Korina Miller (15 September 2010). Greek Islands. Lonely Planet. p. 446. ISBN 978-1-74220-343-0.

[PlanetMiller2012-8] Lonely Planet; Korina Miller; Kate Armstrong; Alexis Averbuck; Michael S Clark; Chris Deliso; Des Hannigan; Victoria Kyriakopoulos; Andrea Schulte-Peevers; Richard Waters (1 March 2012). Lonely Planet Greece. Lonely Planet. p. 657. ISBN 978-1-74321-014-7.

[ArmstrongClark2008-9] Kate Armstrong; Michael Clark; Chris Deliso (2008). Greek Islands. Lonely Planet. p. 458. ISBN 978-1-74104-314-3.

[Dubin2013-10] Marc Dubin (17 June 2013). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: The Greek Islands: The Greek Islands. DK Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-4654-1360-4.

[UNESCO-11] "The Old Town of Corfu Nomination for inclusion on the World Heritage List STATE PARTY Greece STATE, PROVINCE OR REGION Greece, lonian Islands Region, Corfu Prefecture NAME OF PROPERTY The Old Town of Corfu" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 29. One thing is certain, however. The area under plough outside the walls increased, since the village communities multiplied across the entire island (if we are to judge from the Byzantine castles that have survived) in order to protect the fields. They are castles such as Kassiopi, Angelokastro and Gardiki and, of course, the Old Fortress which was the medieval town itself.

[Young1977-12] Martin Young (1977). Corfu and the Other Ionian Islands. Cape. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-224-01307-9. Retrieved 8 April 2013.

[WilliamMiller-13] Essays on the Latin Orient. CUP Archive. 1921. p. 212. Andrea Marmora, a member of a noble family still extant in Corfu, published in Italian ...

[Marmora-14] Andrea Marmora, Della Historia di Corfù, 1672, Libro 4, p. 210 "Adorno egli di nobilissimi edificii la Città; fabbricò in posto, molto atto alla difesa, il castel S. Angelo; fortificò Gardichio e altri luoghi importanti sù l'Isola..."

[Miller1908-15] Miller, William (1908). The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566). E. P. Dutton. p. 514. Retrieved 1 October 2013. The oldest historian of Corfu may be exaggerating when he says that the Despots of Epiros adorned the city with most noble buildings

[Web_archive-16] William Miller (1964). "The Latins in the Levant". Web archive.

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