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Great Comet of 1811

C/1811 F1 (Flaguergues)
The Great Comet of 1811, as sketched by William Henry Smyth
Discovery
Discovered byHonoré Flaugergues
Discovery dateMarch 25, 1811
Designations
1811 I,
Great Comet of 1811
Orbital characteristics[1][2]
Epoch1811-Sep-05
2382760.5
Observation arc505 days (1.38 years)
Number of
observations		1000
Orbit typeLong period comet
Aphelion423 AU
Perihelion1.04 AU
Semi-major axis212.4 AU
Eccentricity0.995125
Orbital period2742 years (inbound)
2974 years (outbound)
Inclination106.9°
Last perihelionSeptember 12, 1811
Next perihelion≈48th century
Physical characteristics[3]
Dimensions30–40 km (19–25 mi)

The Great Comet of 1811,[4] formally designated C/1811 F1, is a comet that was visible to the naked eye for around 260 days, the longest recorded period of visibility until the appearance of Comet Hale–Bopp in 1997. In October 1811, at its brightest, and when it was 1.2 AU from Earth, it displayed an apparent magnitude of 0,[5][6] with an easily visible coma.

Discovery

The comet was discovered on March 25, 1811, by Honoré Flaugergues at 2.7 AU from the Sun in the now-defunct constellation of Argo Navis. After being obscured for several days by moonlight, it was also found by Jean-Louis Pons on April 11, while Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach was able to confirm Flaugergues' discovery the same night.[7]

The first provisional orbit was computed in June by Johann Karl Burckhardt. Based on these calculations, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers made a prediction that the comet would go on to become extremely bright later that year.

Observations

1840 celestial map showing the trajectory of the comet between August 1811 and January 1812
The Great Comet in the constellation Hercules in October 1811 as depicted in Stellarium
Animation of the comet's orbit between May 1811 and March 1812

From May to August, the comet's position made it difficult to spot because of its low altitude and the evening twilight. Both Flaugergues and Olbers were able to recover it in Leo Minor during August, Olbers noting a small but distinct tail, consisting of two rays forming a parabola, when viewing through a comet seeker.[7] In August, the comet was first sighted in the United Kingdom by James Veitch of Inchbonny.[8] By September, in Ursa Major, it was becoming a conspicuous object in the evening sky as it approached perihelion: William Herschel noted that a tail 25° long had developed by October 6.

By January 1812, the comet's brightness had faded. Several astronomers continued to obtain telescopic observations for some months, the last being Vincent Wisniewski at Novocherkassk, who noted it as barely reaching an apparent magnitude of 11 by August 12.[7]

The Great Comet of 1811 was thought to have had an exceptionally large coma, perhaps reaching over 1 million miles across—fifty percent larger than the Sun.[9] The comet's nucleus was later estimated at 30–40 km in diameter.[3] In many ways the comet was quite similar to Comet Hale–Bopp: it became spectacular without passing particularly close to either the Earth or the Sun, but had an extremely large and active nucleus.

Astronomers also found the comet a memorable sight. William Henry Smyth, comparing his recollections of the Great Comet of 1811 to the spectacular Donati's Comet, stated that "as a mere sight-object, the branched tail was of greater interest, the nucleus with its 'head-veil' was more distinct, and its circumpolarity was a fortunate incident for gazers".[10]

The comet was apparently visible during the New Madrid earthquakes in December 1811. A report on the first steamship to descend the Ohio River as it approached the confluence with the Mississippi River states, "December 18, 1811.—The anniversary of this day the people of Cairo [Illinois] and its vicinity should never forget. It was the coming of the first steamboat to where Cairo now is—the New Orleans, Capt. Roosevelt, Commanding. It was the severest day of the great throes of the New Madrid earthquake; at the same time, a fiery comet was rushing athwart the horizon".[11]

Return

Before perihelion passage on September 12, 1811, the comet had an orbital period of about 2742 years. Computing the barycentric orbital period of the comet after perihelion passage when it is outside the planetary region (using an epoch of 2200) shows an orbital period of about 2974 years,[1] which would give a return year of around 4785.

Barycentric orbital periods when outside planetary perturbations[1]
Epoch
1600 		Epoch
2200
Orbital period 2742 yr 2974 yr
Orbital eccentricity 0.9947 0.9950
Aphelion 391 AU 413 AU

Allusions in culture

Looking at the comet till you get a criek in the neck, hand-coloured 1811 satirical print by Thomas Rowlandson

The Great Comet of 1811 seems to have had a particular impact on non-astronomers. The artists John Linnell and William Blake both witnessed it, the latter producing several sketches and the latter possibly incorporating it in his famous panel The Ghost of a Flea.[12]

The English travel writer, novelist, and political economist Harriet Martineau (1802–1876) makes an odd reference to not seeing the comet in her Autobiography: "When the great comet of 1811 was attracting all eyes...[n]ight after night, the whole family of us went up to the long windows at the top of my father's warehouse; and the exclamations on all hands about the comet perfectly exasperated me,—because I could not see it!... Such is the fact; and philosophers may make of it what they may,—remembering that I was then nine years old, and with remarkably good eyes."[13]

In China, some leaders of the Eight Trigram Sect took the comet to be "auspicious blessing for their enterprise" to overthrow the Qing dynasty. They launched their uprising in 1813.[14]

At the midpoint of War and Peace, Tolstoy describes the character of Pierre observing this "enormous and brilliant comet [...] which was said to portend all kinds of woes and the end of the world".[15]: 363  The comet was popularly thought to have portended Napoleon's invasion of Russia (even being referred to as "Napoleon's Comet")[16] and the War of 1812, among other events. In the musical Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812, Pierre witnesses the comet.[17] When asked why the comet made it into the title of the show, the composer Dave Malloy responded "for cosmic epicness."[18]

The year 1811 turned out to be particularly fine for wine production, and merchants marketed "Comet Wine" at high prices for many years afterwards. The film Year of the Comet, a 1992 romantic comedy adventure film, is based on this premise and tells the story of the pursuit of a contemporarily discovered bottle of wine from the year of the Great Comet, bottled for Napoleon. The film stars Penelope Ann Miller, Tim Daly and French film actor Louis Jourdan (his last film before retiring).[19]

The Great Comet is mentioned in Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz; and in Les Misérables by Victor Hugo.

The comet also acted as a divine source of revival for a dying hero in the Thomas Hardy novel Two on a Tower.

The appearance of the comet was interpreted by natives as a vindication of Shawnee military leader Tecumseh's words: his name was translated as "shooting star", and the comet was seen as an omen during his mostly unsuccessful efforts that year to bring southern tribes into his pan-Native American alliance.[20]

References

  1. ^ a b c Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for C/1811 F1 (Great comet)". Retrieved 2019-05-30. (Solution using the Solar System Barycenter. Select Ephemeris Type:Elements and Center:@0)
    For epoch 2200 we get PR= 1.08625E+06/365.25=2973.99 years
  2. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: C/1811 F1 (Great comet)". Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
  3. ^ a b Gary W. Kronk. "The Comet Primer". Cometography.com. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
  4. ^ Jean-Michel Faidit, "La comète impériale de 1811", Les Presses du Midi, 2012; Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander, Ueber die Bahn des grossen cometen von 1811, (Tr. Table of the path of the great comet of 1811) 4, Konigsberg, 1822.
  5. ^ Donald K. Yeomans (April 2007). "Great Comets in History". Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology (Solar System Dynamics).
  6. ^ The Comet of 44 B.C. and Caesar's Funeral Games (John T. Ramsey, A. Lewis Licht) pg 120
  7. ^ a b c Kronk, G. W., Cometography—C/1811 F1 (Great Comet), retrieved November 26, 2008.
  8. ^ Somerville, Martha (1874). Personal Recollections From Early Life To Old Age Of Mary Somerville. United Kingdom: John Murray. pp. 99–101.
  9. ^ Burnham, Robert & Levy, David H. (2000), Great Comets, New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 53, ISBN 0-521-64600-6.
  10. ^ Smyth (2003), Kronk, G. W. (ed.), Cometography: A Catalog of Comets, vol. II, Cambridge University Press, p. 27, ISBN 0-521-58505-8.
  11. ^ Bradsby (1883), Perrin, William Henry (ed.), History of Alexander, Union and Pulaski Counties, Illinois, Chicago: O.L. Baskin & Co., p. 16.
  12. ^ Olson, Roberta J. M.; Pasachoff, Jay M. & Pillinger, Colin (1999), Fire in the Sky: Comets and Meteors, the Decisive Centuries, in British Art and Science, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–121, ISBN 0-521-66359-8.
  13. ^ Martineau, Harriet (2007). Linda H. Peterson (ed.). Autobiography. Broadview. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-55111-555-9.
  14. ^ Bruce Elleman (2001). Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795–1989. Psychology Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-415-21474-2.
  15. ^ Tolstoy, Leo (1949). War and Peace. Garden City: International Collectors Library.
  16. ^ Olson, Pasachoff & Pillinger 1999, p. 138.
  17. ^ Natasha, Pierre and The Great Comet of 1812
  18. ^ "dave malloy on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
  19. ^ Moore, Patrick (2000), The Data Book of Astronomy, Philadelphia: CRC Press, p. 233, ISBN 0-7503-0620-3.
  20. ^ "Tecumseh". National Park Service. 2019-02-22. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
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