The Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (HSK; Chinese: 汉语水平考试; pinyin: Hànyǔ Shuǐpíng Kǎoshì), translated as the Chinese Proficiency Test,[1] is the People's Republic of China's standardized test of proficiency in the Standard Chinese language for non-native speakers. The test is administered by the National Chinese Proficiency Test Committee, an agency of the Ministry of Education of China.[2]
The test cannot be taken in Taiwan, where only Taiwan's TOCFL exam can be taken. In turn, the TOCFL exam is not available in Mainland China.
Background
Development of the HSK test began in 1984 at Beijing Language and Culture University, and was officially made a nationalstandardized test in 1992. By 2005, over 120 countries had participated as regular host sites and the tests had been taken around 100 million times (domestic ethnic minority candidates included).[3] In 2011, Beijing International Chinese College became the first HSK testing center to conduct the HSK test online.
The HSK test is analogous to the English TOEFL, and an HSK certificate is valid without any limitation in China. The test aims to be a certificate of language proficiency for higher educational and professional purposes. It is not uncommon to refer to a standard or level of proficiency by the HSK level number, or score. For example, a job description might ask for foreign applicants with "HSK5 or better."
The HSK is administered solely in Mandarin and in simplified Chinese characters; however, if the exam is paper-based, the test-taker can choose to write the writing assignments in simplified or in traditional characters, at their discretion.[4] The test can be either paper-based or Internet-based, depending on what the specific test center offers. With an Internet-based test, the writing part with characters (from HSK 3 on) is subjectively and slightly easier, as one types the pinyin and selects the right character from the list, while with a paper-based test, one must remember the characters, their strokes and their order, and write them out.
Test takers with outstanding results can win a scholarship for short-term language study in China.
Structure
From 2021
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: 'are expected to be released in 2022' - it is now 2024; were they released?. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(February 2024)
In 2020, an internal Chinese academic paper discussed that the Chinese Proficiency Standards would undergo a change: a hybrid paradigm of "Three Stages and Nine Levels" characterized by all-in-one integration. The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China announced further details regarding HSK 3.0 on April 1, 2021. Among the information shared was a wordlist for each individual stage, and a date for the introduction of the new test—July 1, 2021.[5] As of April 2022 no HSK 3.0 tests have been rolled out and only a single preparation book for the basic levels has been published,[6] additionally the HSK 2.0 test format is still in use. An update on the official HSK website suggests, that the April 2021 date only signified the start date for the conception of the new HSK 3.0.[7] New practice materials for the intermediate and advanced levels are expected to be released in the third or fourth quarter of 2022.[6] One of the main problems with the current HSK test is that it does not follow the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). For example, HSK 6 was nowhere close to Near Native C2 in English, and so on.
The new test is meant to follow the latest research in the field of language studies and testing. The basic levels (roughly corresponding to CEFR A1/A2)[citation needed] should test from 500 to 2245 words, the intermediate levels (roughly corresponding to CEFR B1/B2)[citation needed] from 3245 to 5456 words, the advanced levels (roughly corresponding to CEFR C1/C2)[citation needed] from about 6000 to 11000 words.[8]Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education has provided a breakdown of the skills required for each level.[9]
The intermediate levels should test the ability to understand slightly modified authentic materials or authentic materials written/spoken in a clear manner and intended for educated mother tongue speakers: materials concerning everyday topics, simple articles, simple commentaries and critiques found in newspapers and magazines.
The advanced levels should test the ability to understand longer, more complicated and abstract materials: extracts from authentic sources such as textbooks for Chinese university students, Chinese magazine and essays, extracts from modern Chinese literature, interviews and extracts from Chinese media. Moreover, Classical Chinese expressions and grammatical structures used in modern formal Chinese should be included too.
HSK 3.0 now also includes a focus on handwritten Chinese characters and translation, which was not included in HSK 2.0. Also there is a redistribution of words in each level. For instance, some words were previously grouped under Level 3, but is now under Level 1 in HSK 3.0.[10]
The previous format was introduced in 2010, with a philosophy of testing "comprehensive language and communication ability".[1] Most notable are the inclusion of written segments at all levels (not just in the Advanced levels as in the pre-2010 test), a reform of the ranking system, and the use of new question structures. Complete vocabulary lists, previous tests, and simulated tests are available as preparation materials. A minor update of the vocabulary lists was made in 2012.
The HSK consists of a written test and an oral test, which are taken separately. This oral test is also known as the HSKK or Chinese: 汉语水平口语考试; pinyin: Hànyǔ Shuǐpíng Kǒuyǔ Kǎoshì.[12][13]
Designed for learners who can understand and use some simple Chinese characters and sentences to communicate, and prepares them for continuing their Chinese studies. In HSK 1 all characters are provided along with pinyin.
2
300
150
348
174
35 questions, 25 min
25 questions, 22 min
Designed for learners who can use Chinese in a simple and direct manner, applying it in a basic fashion to their daily lives. In HSK 2 all characters are provided along with pinyin.
3
600
300
618
270
40 questions
30 questions
10 items
Designed for learners who can use Chinese to serve the demands of their personal lives, studies and work, and are capable of completing most of the communicative tasks they experience during their Chinese tour.
4
1200
600
1064
446
45 questions
40 questions
15 items
Designed for learners who can discuss a relatively wide range of topics in Chinese and are capable of communicating with Chinese speakers at a high standard.
5
2500
1300
1685
621
45 questions
45 questions
10 items
Designed for learners who can read Chinese newspapers and magazines, watch Chinese films and are capable of writing and delivering a lengthy speech in Chinese.
6
5000
2500
2663
978
50 questions
50 questions
1 composition
Designed for learners who can easily understand any information communicated in Chinese and are capable of smoothly expressing themselves in written or oral form.
The Listening, Reading and Writing tests each have a maximum score of 100. HSK 1 and 2 therefore have a maximum score of 200 with 120 points required to pass.[18][19] HSK 3 and 4 have a maximum of 300 points with 180 points required to pass.[20][21] There is no minimum number of points required for each of the sections as long as the sum is over 120 or 180 points respectively.
HSK 5 and 6 also have a maximum of 300 points and originally required a score of 180 points to pass.[22][23] However, since a decision made in February 2013, there has been no official passing score for either HSK 5 or 6.[24]
Hanban provides examples of the exam for the different levels together with a list of words that need to be known for each level.[25] These examples are also available (together with the audio for the Listening Test) on the websites of the Confucius Institute at QUT[26] and HSK Academy.[27]
Online test
The written version is now available in two forms, a computer and a paper based test. Both tests are still held at test centers, the differences between the two are as follows:[28]
Not every test center has the facilities for conducting computer-based tests
Computer-based tests allow you to input characters using the keyboard
Results of computer-based tests are published two weeks after the exam, paper-based test results take one month
Oral test
The HSKK test is a separate test. However, the three HSKK levels correspond with the six HSK levels of the written test.
In 2010, Hanban asserted that the HSK's six levels corresponded to the six levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR).[15][29] However, the German[30]: 1, 3, 5 and French[31] associations of Chinese language teachers reject this equivalency, arguing that HSK Level 6 is only equivalent to CEFR Level B2 or C1.
*Generally signifies a professional level. **Generally required for non-language academic programs.
Ranking
Formerly, there were 11 possible ranks (1-11) and 3 test formats (Basic, Elementary/Intermediate, and Advanced). A rank of between 3 and 8 was needed to enroll in a Chinese university, depending on the subject being studied. A score of 9 or higher was a common business standard.[citation needed]
A student taking the Basic test (基础HSK) could attain a rank of 1 through 3 (1级-3级), or fail to meet requirements and thus not receive a rank. The Elementary/Intermediate test (初中等HSK) covered ranks 3-8 (3级-8级), with ranks below 3 not considered. Likewise, the Advanced test (高等HSK) covered ranks 9-11 (9级-11级), with scores below 9 not considered.
Content
The previous format for both Basic and Elementary/Intermediate HSK included four sections: listening comprehension, grammar structures, reading comprehension, and written expressions. Aside from the written expressions portion (which requires writing of Chinese characters), these two tests were completely multiple-choice. The Advanced HSK however, added an additional two portions: spoken and written.
Test dates and locations
The HSK is held at designated test centers in China and abroad.[40] A list of test centers can be found at the HSK website.[41] Test dates are published annually and written tests are more frequently held than spoken ones, generally around once a month, depending on the test center. Test registration is usually open until 30 days prior to the actual test date for the paper-based test or around 10 days prior the actual test date for the computer-based test. Results are generally available around 30 days after completion (but no definite date is given for results).[42]
The test cannot be taken in Taiwan (The Republic of China). In Taiwan, only the TOCFL exam can be taken. Conversely, the TOCFL can not be taken in Mainland China, Macau and Hong Kong.
^新HSK为什么要取消合格线 (in Simplified Chinese). 18 December 2013. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2019. 从2013年2月起，HSK（五级）、HSK（六级）取消了合格线，参加这两个等级考试的考生，获得的成绩报告中删除了"总分180分为合格（Passing Score: 180）"的字样。
^ abAssociation of Chinese Teachers in German Speaking Countries (1 June 2010). "Erklärung des Fachverbands Chinesisch e.V. zur neuen Chinesischprüfung HSK" [Statement of the Fachverband Chinesisch e.V. (Association of Chinese Teachers in German Speaking Countries) on the new HSK Chinese Proficiency Test] (PDF). Fachverband Chinesisch (in German, Chinese, and English). Fachverband Chinesisch e.V. Archived(PDF) from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
^ abBellassen, Joël (2011). "Is Chinese Europcompatible? Is the Common European Framework Common?: The Common European Framework of References for Languages Facing Distant Language". New Prospect for Foreign Language Teaching in Higher Education —Exploring the Possibilities of Application of CECR—. Tokyo: World Language and Society Education Center (WoLSEC). pp. 23–31. ISBN978-4-925243-85-8.
^華語文等級對照 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 國家華語測驗推動工作委員會 Steering Committee for the Test Of Proficiency - Huayu. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019. CEFR 華語文能力測驗 TOCFL 新漢語水平考試 HSK 通過等級 詞彙量 通過等級 詞彙量 under A1 - - 一級 150 二級 300 A1 Level 1 入門級 500 三級 600 A2 Level 2 基礎級 1000 四級 1200 B1 Level 3 進階級 2500 五級 2500 B2 Level 4 高階級 5000 六級 5000及以上 C1 Level 5 流利級 8000 - - C2 Level 6 精通級 8000以上
^"HSK Level VI", chinesetest.cn, Hanban, archived from the original on 12 January 2019, retrieved 12 October 2017
^"HSK Level V", chinesetest.cn, Hanban, archived from the original on 12 January 2019, retrieved 12 October 2017
^"HSK Level IV", chinesetest.cn, Hanban, archived from the original on 12 January 2019, retrieved 12 October 2017
^"HSK Level III", chinesetest.cn, Hanban, archived from the original on 12 January 2019, retrieved 12 October 2017
^"HSK Level II", chinesetest.cn, Hanban, archived from the original on 13 January 2019, retrieved 12 October 2017
^"HSK Level I", chinesetest.cn, Hanban, archived from the original on 13 January 2019, retrieved 12 October 2017, It is the counterpart of the Level I of the Chinese Language Proficiency Scales for Speakers of Other Languages and the A1 Level of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEF).
