Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Eurasian haplogroup R.
The greatest variety of haplogroup B is in China. It is therefore likely that it underwent its earliest diversification in mainland East or South East Asia.[2]
Haplogroup B is now most common among populations native to Southeast Asia,[4] as well as speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages and Austronesian languages.
A subclade of B4b (which is sometimes labeled B2) is one of five haplogroups found among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, C, D, and X.
Although haplogroup B in general has been found in many Siberian population samples, the subclade that is phylogenetically closest to American B2, namely B4b1, has been found mainly in populations of southern China and Southeast Asia, especially Filipinos and Austronesian speakers of eastern Indonesia (approx. 8%) and the aborigines of Taiwan and Hainan (approx. 7%).[11][12][13] However, B4b1 has been observed in populations as far north as Turochak and Choya districts in the north of Altai Republic (3/72 = 4.2% Tubalar),[14]Miyazaki and Tokyo, Japan (approx. 3%),[15] South Korea (4/185 = 2.2%),[10]Tuva (1/95 = 1.1% Tuvan),[14] and Hulunbuir (1/149 = 0.7% Barghut).[16]
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.
B4a1 (TMRCA 22,900 [95% CI 18,200 <-> 28,400] ybp[21])
B4a1a (TMRCA 9,700 [95% CI 9,000 <-> 10,500] ybp[21])
B4a1a* – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands), Ireland
B4a1a1 (A14022G, A16247G) – (TMRCA 7,000 [95% CI 6,600 <-> 7,500] ybp[21]) Vanuatu (Port Olry), Papua New Guinea (Siwai of Bougainville)[22] the Polynesian motif,[23][24][25][26] or "PM" (though sometimes referred to as its immediate precursor)
B4a1a1a (16247) – (TMRCA 5,400 [95% CI 4,900 <-> 5,900] ybp[21]) Vanuatu (Banks and Torres), Cook Islands (also sometimes referred to as "the Polynesian motif")
B4a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
B4a1a1a1a – Solomon Islands (Savo)
B4a1a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Isabel)
B4a1a1a1b – Solomon Islands (Gela, Simbo)
B4a1a1a1c – Papua New Guinea (Nasioi and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
B4a1a1a1d – Tonga
B4a1a1a2 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island)
B4a1a1a2a – Solomon Islands (Malaita)
B4a1a1a2b – Papua New Guinea (Buin of Bougainville)
B4a1a1a3 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Makira)
B4a1a1a4 – Papua New Guinea (South Coast), Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
B4a1c4 (TMRCA 13,400 [95% CI 11,000 <-> 16,300] ybp) – China (Mongol in Hulun Buir, Dai), Vietnam (Dao, Hà Nhì, Si La, Kinh, Nùng), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Lao Isan in four provinces of Northeast Thailand, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province[19])
B4a1c5 – China (Fujian), Taiwan (Hakka)
B4a1c3 (TMRCA 16,100 [95% CI 10,100 <-> 24,500] ybp[21])
B4a1c3a (TMRCA 3,600 [95% CI 1,650 <-> 6,800] ybp[21]) – Japan, Korea, Kazakh (Zhan Aul of Altai Republic[28]), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan[29])
B4a1c3b (TMRCA 11,500 [95% CI 5,600 <-> 21,200] ybp[21]) – Japan, Korea, China
B4a1d – Vietnam
B4a2 – Japan
B4a2a – Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra, Banjarmasin), Philippines, Taiwan (Makatao, Hakka)
B4a2a1 – Orchid Island (Yami), Philippines (Ivatan)
B4a2a2 – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiat)
B4a2a3 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Hakka)
B4a2b – China (Han from Beijing)
B4a2b1 – China, Jamaica
B4a2b1a – Japan
B4a3 – Tibet (Nagqu), Japan
B4a4 – Ladakh, Northern Areas of Pakistan (Balti), Singapore, China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Korea, Russia, Germany
B4g2 – Orchid Island (Tao), China (Han from Hunan), Vietnam (Cờ Lao, Dao, Si La), Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province,[19] Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province,[19]Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province,[19]Htin in Phayao Province[19])
B4h – China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand (Phuan in Sukhothai Province[19])
B4h1 – China (Fujian, etc.), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[19]), Japan
B4i – China
B4i1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
B4k – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
B4m – Korea, China, Taiwan (Minnan), Vietnam
B4b'd'e'j – Vietnam, Laos
B4b – Canada
B2 – Quechua, Guarani, Coreguaje, Waunana, Katuena, Ache, Gaviao, Xavante, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, USA (Yaqui, Hispanics, etc.), Dominican Republic
B2b2 – Bolivia (Beni), Argentina (Criollo of Gran Chaco), USA (Hispanic)
B2b2a – Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Cochabamba)
B2b3 – Yanomama
B2b3a – Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Kayapo
B2b4 – USA (Mexican)
B2c – Ecuador, USA (Hispanic), ancient Canada,[30] modern Canada[31]
B2c1 – Mexico (Mixe), USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
B2c1a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
B2c1b – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
B2c1c – USA (Mexican)
B2c2 – USA (Mexican)
B2c2a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
B2c2b – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
B2d – Nicaragua (Chinandega), Ngöbe/Guaymi, Wayuu, Colombia, USA (Hispanic in New Jersey)
B2e – Colombia, Argentina, Waiwai
B2f – USA (Mexican)
B2g
B2g1 – Mexico, USA (Yaqui, Mexican, Hispanic)
B2g2
B2h – Ache
B2i
B2i1 – Kayapo
B2i2 – Chile
B2i2a – Mapuche
B2i2a1 – Chile
B2i2a1a – Chile, Argentina
B2i2a1b – Chile
B2i2b – Chile
B2i2b1 – Chile
B2j
B2k – Venezuela, USA (Mexican)
B2l – Venezuela, Ecuador
B2m
B2n
B2o – Colombia, Mexico (Maya), USA (Hispanic in Arizona)
B2o1 – Ecuador, Bolivia
B2o1a – Colombia, Bolivia, Peru
B2p – USA (Mexican)
B2q – Ecuador, USA (Mexican)
B2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
B2s – USA (Mexican)
B2t – Guatemala (Maya, la Tinta)
B2u
B2v
B2w
B2x
B2y – South America (Andes), Peru
B2y1 – USA
B4b1
B4b1* – Thailand (Phuan in Phrae Province),[19] Korea, Japan
B4b1a
B4b1a* – China, Tubalar,[14] Philippines, Indonesia
B4b1a-G207A (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 11,200 <-> 19,400] ybp[21]) – Japan
B4b1a1 (TMRCA 3,000 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,200] ybp[21]) – Japan
B4b1a1a – Japan, Korea
B4b1a1b – Japan
B4b1a1c – Japan, Korea
B4b1a2 (TMRCA 11,900 [95% CI 10,300 <-> 13,600] ybp[21]) – Japan, Korea, China (Fujian), Taiwan, Philippines (Aeta of Bataan, etc.), Indonesia, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[19]), India
B4b1a2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Tai Dam in Loei Province, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province[19]), Vietnam (Gelao), China (Han from Zhanjiang), Korea, Japan
B4e – Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi, Sukhothai, and Phrae provinces,[19]Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province[19]), Laos (Lao in Vientiane[19]), Vietnam (La Hủ), China, Japan (Tokyo)
B5a – Thailand (Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province[19]), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Philippines (Agta of Iriga)
B5a1 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan from Chaiyaphum Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province[19]), Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Vietnam, China
B5a1a – Cambodia, Vietnam (Kinh, Gelao), Laos,[19] Thailand,[19] Indonesia (Besemah and Kutaradja of Sumatra), China, Uyghur, Taiwan (Minnan), Philippines, India
B5a1a1 – Nicobar Islands
B5a1b – China (Han from Wuhan), Philippines, Iran[42]
B5a1b1 – Cambodia (Jarai), Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand (Bru from Sakon Nakhon Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Saek from Nakhon Phanom Province[19]), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang and Vientiane[19]), China, Korea
B5b2 – Russia (Russian old settler in Pokhosk Village of Sakha Republic, Ulchi,[43]AltaianKazakh[16]), China (Han, Uyghur, Barghut[16]), Japan, Philippines
B5b2a – Negidal, Khamnigan
B5b2a1 – Japan (Aichi, Tokyo, etc.), China (Han from Wuhan)
B5b2a2 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea,[36] China (Tianjin[21]), Buryat, Hezhen
B5b2a2a
B5b2a2a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi)
B5b2a2a2 – Malaysia (Bidayuh of Sarawak),[20] Philippines, Solomon Islands (Ranongga)
B6a – China (Han from Tai'an), Thailand (Htin in Phayao Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Sukhothai Province, Mon in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[19])
B6a1 – China, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Blang in Chiang Rai Province[19]), Philippines
B6a1a – Myanmar, Thailand (Lawa and Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province[19]), Malaysia (Temuan)
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