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Landscape architect

Business card for eighteenth century landscape architect Humphry Repton, by Thomas Medland
Landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux and the team they gathered to execute the Greensward Plan, their 1858 design for Central Park in Manhattan, photographed in 1862 at the park standing on the pathway atop the span of the Willowdell Arch (from the left: Andrew Haswell Green, George Waring, Vaux, Ignaz Anton Pilat, Jacob Wrey Mould, and Olmsted)

A landscape architect is a person who is educated in the field of landscape architecture. The practice of landscape architecture includes: site analysis, site inventory, site planning, land planning, planting design, grading, storm water management, sustainable design, construction specification, and ensuring that all plans meet the current building codes and local and federal ordinances.[1]

The practice of landscape architecture dates to some of the earliest of human cultures and just as much as the practice of medicine has been inimical to the species and ubiquitous worldwide for several millennia. However, this article examines the modern profession and educational discipline of those practicing the design of landscape architecture.

In the 1700s, Humphry Repton described his occupation as "landscape gardener" on business cards he had prepared to represent him in work that now would be described as that of a landscape architect.

The title, "landscape architect", was first used by Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of New York City's Central Park in Manhattan and numerous projects of large scale both public and private. He was the founder of a firm of landscape architects who employed highly skilled professionals to design and execute aspects of projects designed under his auspices.

Depending on the jurisdiction, landscape architects who pass state requirements to become registered, licensed, or certified may be entitled to use the postnominal letters corresponding to their seal, typically RLA (Registered Landscape Architect) or more recently, PLA (Professional Landscape Architect) n.[2] In the US, all 50 states have adopted licensure.[3] The American Society of Landscape Architects endorses the postnominal letters PLA, for Professional Landscape Architect, even though there is no legal or professional distinction between the use of RLA or PLA.[4]

Australia

The Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA) states that "Landscape Architects research, plan, design, and advise on the stewardship, conservation, and sustainability of development of the environment and spaces, both within and beyond the built environment".[5] This definition of the profession of landscape architect is based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations, International Labour Office,[6] Geneva.

Markdale Garden at Binda near Crookwell, New South Wales, Australia, designed by Edna Walling

Some notable Australian landscape architects include Catherin Bull,[7][8] Kevin Taylor,[9] Richard Weller, Peter Spooner,[10] Sydney based writer and designer (Doris) Jocelyn Brown,[11] Grace Fraser,[12] Bruce Mackenzie,[13][14] Mary Jeavons,[15] Janet Conrad,[16] Dr Jim Sinatra,[17] William Guilfoyle, Ina Higgins, Edna Walling, and Ellis Stones.

To become a recognised professional landscape architect in Australia, the first requirement is to obtain a degree in landscape architecture accredited by the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects. After at least two years of recognised professional practice, graduates may submit for further assessment to obtain full professional recognition by AILA.

Canada

The Canadian Society of Landscape Architects (CSLA) is the country's professional association of landscape architects.[18] Some notable Canadian landscape architects include Cornelia Oberlander,[19] Claude Cormier,[20] Peter Jacobs, Janet Rosenberg,[21] Marc Ryan, and Michael Hough.[22]

United Kingdom

The Landscape Institute is the recognised body relating to the field of Landscape Architecture throughout the United Kingdom. To become a recognised landscape architect in the UK takes approximately seven years. To begin the process, one has to study an accredited course by the Landscape Institute to obtain a bachelor's degree in landscape architecture or a similar field. Following this one must progress onto a postgraduate diploma in the field of landscape architecture covering the subject in far greater detail such as mass urban planning, construction, and planting. Following this, the trainee must complete the Pathway to Chartership,[23] a challenging program set out by the Landscape Institute. Following this, one is awarded a full landscape architect title and membership among the Chartered Members of the Landscape Institute (CMLI).

United States

Drawing of plan for an entrance to Central Park in Manhattan by Richard Morris Hunt (American, 1827–1895) c. 1863

The United States is the founding country of the formal profession entitled landscape architecture. Those in this field work both to create an aesthetically pleasing setting and also to protect and preserve the environment in an area. In the U.S., a need to formalize the practice and a name for the profession was resolved in 1899 with the formation of the American Society of Landscape Architects. A few of the many talented and influential landscape architects who have been based in the United States are: Frederick Law Olmsted, Beatrix Farrand, Jens Jensen, Ian McHarg, Thomas Church, Arthur Shurtleff, Ellen Biddle Shipman John Nolen, Lawrence Halprin, Charles Edgar Dickinson, Iris Miller, and Robert Royston.

Royston summed up one American theme:

Landscape architecture practices the fine art of relating the structure of culture to the nature of landscape, to the end that people can use it, enjoy it, and preserve it.

Work scope

The following is an outline of the typical scope of service for a landscape architect:[24]

An example of landscape architecture: the Italian Garden, Gardens of the world, Berlin-Marzahn, Germany
The Fountain Terrace at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C., designed by landscape architect Beatrix Farrand in 1921, was opened to the public in 1939.
  1. Developing new or improved theories, policy, and methods for landscape planning, design, and management at local, regional, national, and multinational levels
  2. Developing policies and plans and implementing and monitoring proposals for conservation and recreation areas such as national parks
  3. Developing new or improved theories and methods to promote environmental awareness and undertaking planning, design, restoration, management, and maintenance of cultural and historic landscapes, parks, sites, and gardens.
  4. Planning, design, management, maintenance, and monitoring functional and aesthetic layouts of built environment in urban, suburban, and rural areas including private and public open spaces, parks, gardens, streetscapes, plazas, housing developments, burial grounds, memorials; tourist, commercial, industrial and educational complexes; sports grounds, zoos, botanic gardens, recreation areas, and farms
  5. Contributing to the planning, aesthetic and functional design, location, management, and maintenance of infrastructure such as roads, dams, wind farms, and other energy and major development projects
  6. Undertaking landscape assessments including environmental and visual impact assessments to prepare policies or inform new developments
  7. Inspecting sites, analyzing factors such as climate, soil, flora, fauna, surface and subsurface water and drainage; and consulting with clients and making recommendations regarding methods of work and sequences of operations for projects related to the landscape and built environment
  8. Identifying and developing appropriate solutions regarding the quality and use of the built environment in urban, suburban, and rural areas and making designs, plans, and working drawings, specifications of work, cost estimates, and time schedules
  9. Monitoring the realisation and inspecting the construction of proposals to ensure compliance with plans, specifications of work, cost estimates, and time schedules
  10. Conducting research, preparing scientific papers, and technical reports, developing policy, teaching, and advising on aspects regarding landscape architecture such as the application of geographic information systems, remote sensing, law, landscape communication, interpretation, and landscape ecology
  11. Project management of large scale landscape planning and design projects including management of other consultants such as engineers, architects, and planners
  12. Acting as an expert witness in development and environment courts

Further reading

  • What is Landscape Architecture American Society of Landscape Architects profiles landscape architecture
  • Exploring Landscape Architecture Interviews with Australian landscape architects discussing their work
  • AILA Celebrates 50 Years. History of landscape architecture in Australia
  • Kerb 15. Landscape Urbanism. Launched by Charles Waldheim, April 2007. Content includes articles and interviews from Charles Waldheim, Mohsen Mostafavi, Alejandro Zaera-Polo (FOA), Kathryn Gustafson, Bart Brands, and Richard Weller

See also

References

  1. ^ "What Is Landscape Architecture? | asla.org". www.asla.org. Archived from the original on 2021-11-11. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
  2. ^ "Licensed to Design: PLA". The Field. American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA). 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  3. ^ "LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS ARE LICENSED IN ALL 50 STATES AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA", American Society of Landscape Architects. "Become a Landscape Architect". www.asla.org. Archived from the original on 2021-09-14. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  4. ^ "Professional Licensure: Universal Designation" (PDF). Washington, DC: American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-14. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  5. ^ "Home". Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA). Archived from the original on 2017-07-26. Retrieved 2009-03-03.[incomplete short citation]
  6. ^ International Labour Force (2012). "International Standard Classification of Occupations" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-05. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
  7. ^ "Prof Catherin Bull". Find an Expert. The University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2019-12-22.
  8. ^ "Dr Catherin Bull AM". Archived from the original on 2017-12-15. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
  9. ^ "A tribute to Kevin Taylor". ArchitectureAU. Archived from the original on 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2018-02-10.
  10. ^ "Peter Spooner: Architect shaped attitudes to landscape design". 10 November 2014. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017 – via The Sydney Morning Herald.
  11. ^ Proudfoot, Helen. "Brown, Doris Jocelyn (1898–1971)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Archived from the original on 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2017-09-26 – via Australian Dictionary of Biography.
  12. ^ LATREILLE, ANNE (July 30, 2010). "Pioneering Australian landscape architect, Grace Fraser". The Age. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  13. ^ "Bruce and Stuart Mackenzie". landscapeaustralia.com.
  14. ^ "Design With Landscape by Bruce Mackenzie on iBooks". iBooks. Archived from the original on 2017-11-21. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
  15. ^ Salt, Lucy (20 July 2020). "Dedicated to play: Mary Jeavons". Landscape Australia. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020.
  16. ^ Smith, Lawrie (30 August 2021). "Remembering Janet Conrad, landscape architect". Landscape Australia. Archived from the original on 30 August 2021.
  17. ^ "Jim Sinatra". Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA). Archived from the original on 2022-09-15. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  18. ^ "About CSLA". CSLA Canadian Society of Landscape Architects/Association des architectes paysagistes du Canada. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  19. ^ Green, Penelope (June 9, 2021). "Cornelia Oberlander, a Farsighted Landscape Architect, Dies at 99". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  20. ^ Bozikovic, Alex (January 2, 2022). "Dogs, pink umbrellas and wedding photos: Claude Cormier's artful places for people". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  21. ^ Bozikovic, Alex (November 21, 2014). "Fort York: Toronto's most historic site gets a 21st-century upgrade". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  22. ^ Lorinc, John (September 9, 2022). "Clear-cutting Michael Hough's landscaping at Ontario Place". spacing. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  23. ^ "About PPE". Landscape Institute. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008.
  24. ^ Australian Institute of Landscape Architects: March 2005

Media related to Landscape architects at Wikimedia Commons

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