Pumpokolic languages

Pumpokolic
Arin-Pumpokol (obsolete classification)
Geographic distribution	Yenisey, possibly also northeast China
Ethnicity	Pumpokol, Jie?
Linguistic classification	Dené–Yeniseian? Yeniseian Pumpokolic
Subdivisions	Pumpokol † Jie? † Arin † (obsolete as a member of Pumpokolic)
Language codes
Glottolog	arin1242  (Arin-Pumpokol (obsolete))
Pre-contact distribution of Pumpokol.
Map of Sixteen Kingdoms in year 338, showing the Later Zhao, a state ruled by the Jie.

The Pumpokolic languages (also known as the Arin-Pumpokol,^[1] depending on classification or Pumpolic languages) form one of the principal subgroups of the Yeniseian languages. All constituent languages are now extinct.

The classification of this group is debated. Most classify Arin and Pumpokol (and eventually Jie) in a Southern Yeniseian subgroup,^[2] but more recently linguists have placed Arin in its separate Arinic branch (sometimes placed as a subgroup of Southern Yeniseian), and classify Pumpokol(ic) as a separate branch of Yeniseian.

This model is used in Vajda 2024.^[3]

This model was introduced in Georg 2007^[4] and used in Hölzl 2018^[5].

According to the Southern Yeniseian theory, Pumpokolic may have split from Yeniseian around the 9th century BCE, and would have extended southward to China in the 4th century (Melas (2022).^{[6][user-generated source?]} Arin and Pumpokol are then posited to have separated in the 6th century. Arin is believed to have gone extinct in the 1730s and Pumpokol around the early 18th century.

• Jie people

• Alexander Vovin (2000). Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?. Central Asiatic Journal.
• Hölzl, Andreas (29 August 2018). A typology of questions in Northeast Asia and beyond. Studies in Diversity Linguistics. ISBN 978-3-96110-102-3. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
• Carlos Quiles (23 April 2021). Proto-Yeniseian Homeland. Indo-European.eu. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
• Edward Vajda; Michael D. Fortescue (31 January 2022). Mid-holocene language connections between Asia and North America. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004436824. OCLC 1298393170. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
• Edwin George Pulleyblank (1963). The consonantal system of Old Chinese. Part II (PDF). Asia Major.