Tokoyo no kuni

Tokoyo (常世),^[1] also known as Kakuriyo (隠世、幽世), or Taikaikan^[2] is a realm in Shinto. It is an "otherworld" though not necessarily seen as a place in the afterlife, but rather as a mythical realm with many interpretations. It is believed to be a place where various kami and spirits of ancestors live with eternal youth. Motoori Norinaga categorized three types of Tokoyo: a world of perpetual darkness, a world where people never grew old, and a world across the sea.^[1]

Ne-no-kuni is sometimes considered to be identical to Tokoyo no Kuni, or alternatively Yomi the underworld.^[3]^[4] There is no clear consensus on the relationship between these three realms.^[3]^[4]

Various stories related to Tokoyo can be found in classics such as Kojiki and Nihongi, including the tale of Tajimamori travelling to Tokoyo in the reign of Emperor Suinin to help him become immortal. In the reign of Empress Kogyoku a fanatical cult dedicated to the god of Tokoyo was said to have emerged.^[1]

Myth of Okuninushi

In the Kojiki, Ōkuninushi used to rule the world, but he relinquished control during the Kuni-yuzuri to transfer control to the Amatsukami. He made a request that a magnificent palace – rooted in the earth and reaching up to heaven – be built in his honor, and then withdrew himself into the "less-than-one-hundred eighty-road-bendings" (百不足八十坰手 momotarazu yasokumade, i.e. the unseen world of the spirit) and disappeared from the physical realm.^[5]^[6]

The son of Amaterasu Ame no Hohi was sent to run Izumo Taisha for Susanoo when the transfer of land occurred as part of the agreement,^[7] and his descendants became the Izumo clan who run the shrine today.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

Identification with Mount Penglai

In the story of Urashima Tarō Tokoyo is identified with Mount Penglai.^[a]^[12]^[13]

The Asteroid 162173 Ryugu has two fossae named after each one.^[14]

Notes

^ It is written as Horai (Mount Penglai) in the straight Chinese text, but it is also annotated to indicate its should be read as Tokoyo-no-kuni.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Encyclopedia of Shinto". 國學院大學デジタルミュージアム (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-03-10.
^ "國學院デジタルミュージアム". 2018-02-19. Archived from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
^ ^a ^b "根の国". 日本大百科全書 at kotobank.jp. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
^ ^a ^b Bonnefoy, Yves; Doniger, Wendy (1991). Asian Mythologies. University of Chicago Press. pp. 270–271. ISBN 0-226-06456-5.
^ Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 129–136.
^ Chamberlain (1882). Section XXXII.—Abdication of the Deity Master-of-the-Great-Land.
^ "Converting Japan, 1825–1875", The Origin of Modern Shinto in Japan : The Vanquished Gods of Izumo, Bloomsbury Academic, p. 32, 2016, doi:10.5040/9781474271110.ch-004, ISBN 978-1-4742-7108-0, retrieved 2023-10-24
^ "Converting Japan, 1825–1875", The Origin of Modern Shinto in Japan : The Vanquished Gods of Izumo, Bloomsbury Academic, p. 38, 2016, doi:10.5040/9781474271110.ch-004, ISBN 978-1-4742-7108-0, retrieved 2023-10-24
^ Cali, Joseph; Dougill, John (2012-11-30). Shinto Shrines: A Guide to the Sacred Sites of Japan's Ancient Religion (Illustrated ed.). Honolulu: Latitude 20. ISBN 978-0-8248-3713-6.
^ Matsunaga, Naomichi. "Kuni no miyatsuko". Kokugakuin University Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
^ Matsunaga, Naomichi. "Izumo kokusō". Kokugakuin University Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
^ McKeon (1996), pp. 34, 65.
^ Poulton, M. Cody (2001), Spirits of Another Sort: The Plays of Izumi Kyōka, Center for Japanese Studies, the University of Michigan, p. 88, ISBN 9780939512010
^ https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2020/07/aa37096-19.pdf

Bibliography

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Ashiya, Shigetsune (蘆谷重常 ) (1936), Kokka kyōkasho ni arawaretaru kokumin setsuwa no kenkyuū 国定教科書に現れたる国民説話の研究 [Research on folk tales found in nationally designated textbooks] (in Japanese), Kyozaisha, pp. 179–215
Aston, William George (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. Vol. 1. London: Japan Society of London. p. 368. ISBN 9780524053478.
Chamberlain, B. H. (1886), The Fisher-boy Urashima, Japanese Fairy Tale Series 8, Kobayashi Eitaku (illustr.), T. Hasegawa, Kōbunsha; alt copy @ Library of Congress
Holmes, Yoshiko (2014). Chronological Evolution of the Urashima Tarō Story and its Interpretation (PDF) (M. A.). Victoria University of Wellington.
Hayashi, Kouhei (林晃平) (2001), "Urashima densetsu ni okeru gazō no mondai" 浦島伝説における画像の諸問題 [Various issues on images in the Urashima legend], Proceedings of the International Conference on Japanese Literature in Japan. (in Japanese), 24: 33–54
Hayashi, Kouhei (林晃平) (2011), "Iwayuru otogizōshi Urashimatarō no tenkai: kin'nen ni okeru shohon kenkyū to sono yukue wo meguri" 所謂御伽草子「浦島太郎」の展開－近年における諸本研究とその行方をめぐり－ [The Development of Otogizoushi "Urashima Taro"] (PDF), Bulletin of Tomakomai Komazawa University (in Japanese), 24: 1–37
Hayashi, Kouhei (林晃平) (2013), "Okkusufōdo daigaku zō emaki Urashimatarō no honkoku to kaidai" オックスフォード大学蔵絵巻「浦島太郎」の翻刻と解題 [The Tale of Urashima in the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford] (PDF), Bulletin of Tomakomai Komazawa University (in Japanese), 27: 1–31
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[12] It is written as Horai (Mount Penglai) in the straight Chinese text, but it is also annotated to indicate its should be read as Tokoyo-no-kuni.

[:4-1] "Encyclopedia of Shinto". 國學院大學デジタルミュージアム (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-03-10.

[2] "國學院デジタルミュージアム". 2018-02-19. Archived from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2023-03-10.

[:0-3] "根の国". 日本大百科全書 at kotobank.jp. Retrieved 2018-02-18.

[:2-4] Bonnefoy, Yves; Doniger, Wendy (1991). Asian Mythologies. University of Chicago Press. pp. 270–271. ISBN 0-226-06456-5.

[5] Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 129–136.

[6] Chamberlain (1882). Section XXXII.—Abdication of the Deity Master-of-the-Great-Land.

[7] "Converting Japan, 1825–1875", The Origin of Modern Shinto in Japan : The Vanquished Gods of Izumo, Bloomsbury Academic, p. 32, 2016, doi:10.5040/9781474271110.ch-004, ISBN 978-1-4742-7108-0, retrieved 2023-10-24

[8] "Converting Japan, 1825–1875", The Origin of Modern Shinto in Japan : The Vanquished Gods of Izumo, Bloomsbury Academic, p. 38, 2016, doi:10.5040/9781474271110.ch-004, ISBN 978-1-4742-7108-0, retrieved 2023-10-24

[9] Cali, Joseph; Dougill, John (2012-11-30). Shinto Shrines: A Guide to the Sacred Sites of Japan's Ancient Religion (Illustrated ed.). Honolulu: Latitude 20. ISBN 978-0-8248-3713-6.

[:12-10] Matsunaga, Naomichi. "Kuni no miyatsuko". Kokugakuin University Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2023-10-25.

[:22-11] Matsunaga, Naomichi. "Izumo kokusō". Kokugakuin University Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2023-10-25.

[FOOTNOTEMcKeon199634,_65-13] McKeon (1996), pp. 34, 65.

[poulton-14] Poulton, M. Cody (2001), Spirits of Another Sort: The Plays of Izumi Kyōka, Center for Japanese Studies, the University of Michigan, p. 88, ISBN 9780939512010

[15] ttps://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2020/07/aa37096-19.pdf

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