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Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)

Main article: Vapor pressure

Vapor pressure

P/(Pa) 1 10 100 200 1 k 2 k 5 k 10 k 20 k 50 k 100 k 101325
reference
1 H hydrogen
use (T/K) 15 20
CRC.a (T/°C) -258.6 -252.8
KAL (T/K) 10 (s) 11.4 (s) 12.2 (s) 13.4 (s) 14.5 16.0 18.2 20.3
2 He helium
use (T/K) 3 4
CRC.b (T/°C) -270.6 -268.9
KAL (T/K) 1.3 1.66 1.85 2.17 2.48 2.87 3.54 4.22
3 Li lithium
use (T/K) 797 885 995 1144 1337 1610
CRC.f,k (T/°C) 524.3 612.3 722.1 871.2 1064.3 1337.1
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.673 - 8310 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1000 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.061 - 8023 / (T/K)
797.4 885.4 995.3
KAL (T/K) 1040 1145 1200 1275 1345 1415 1530 1630
SMI.a (T/K) liquid, 325..725 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.625 - 7480 / (T/K)
777 867 981
4 Be beryllium
use (T/K) 1462 1608 1791 2023 2327 2742
CRC.b (T/°C) 1189 (s) 1335 1518 1750 2054 2469
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.048 - 17020 / (T/K) - 0.4440 log (T/K)
1461.8
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1800 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.792 - 15731 / (T/K)
1606.5 1789.2
SMI.c,g (T/K) solid, 942..1284 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.115 - 18220 / (T/K)
1504
SMI.c,g (T/K) liquid, 1284..1582 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.075 - 16590 / (T/K)
1647 1828
5 B boron
use (T/K) 2348 2562 2822 3141 3545 4072
CRC.b (T/°C) 2075 2289 2549 2868 3272 3799
SMI.c (T/K) solid, 1052..1648 °C: log (P/Pa) = 13.255 - 21370 / (T/K)
1612 1744 1899
6 C carbon (graphite)
use (T/K) 2839 3048 3289 3572 3908
CRC.h (T/°C) 2566 (s) 2775 (s) 3016 (s) 3299 (s) 3635 (s)
7 N nitrogen
use (T/K) 37 41 46 53 62 77
CRC.a,d (T/°C) -236 (s) -232 (s) -226.8 (s) -220.2 (s) -211.1 (s) -195.9
KAL (T/K) 48.1 (s) 53.0 (s) 55.4 (s) 59.0 (s) 62.1 (s) 65.8 71.8 77.4
8 O oxygen
use (T/K) 61 73 90
CRC.a,i (T/°C) -211.9 -200.5 -183.1
KAL (T/K) 55.4 61.3 64.3 68.8 72.7 77.1 83.9 90.2
9 F fluorine
use (T/K) 38 44 50 58 69 85
CRC.a,d (T/°C) -235 (s) -229.5 (s) -222.9 (s) -214.8 -204.3 -188.3
KAL (T/K) 53 58 61 65.3 68.9 73.0 79.3 85.0
10 Ne neon
use (T/K) 12 13 15 18 21 27
CRC.b (T/°C) -261 (s) -260 (s) -258 (s) -255 (s) -252 (s) -246.1
KAL (T/K) 16.3 (s) 18.1 (s) 19.0 (s) 20.4 (s) 21.6 (s) 22.9 (s) 24.9 27.1
11 Na sodium
use (T/K) 554 617 697 802 946 1153
CRC.f,k (T/°C) 280.6 344.2 424.3 529 673 880.2
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.304 - 5603 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 700 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.710 - 5377 / (T/K)
553.8 617.3 697.4
KAL (T/K) 729 807 846 904 954 1010 1095 1175
SMI.a (T/K) liquid, 158..437 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.835 - 5480 / (T/K)
557 620 699
12 Mg magnesium
use (T/K) 701 773 861 971 1132 1361
CRC.b (T/°C) 428 (s) 500 (s) 588 (s) 698 859 1088
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.495 - 7813 / (T/K) - 0.8253 log (T/K)
700.9 772.7 861.2 892.0
KAL (T/K) 891 979 1025 1085 1140 1205 1295 1375
SMI.a (T/K) solid, 287..605 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.945 - 7741 / (T/K)
707 778 865
13 Al aluminium
use (T/K) 1482 1632 1817 2054 2364 2790
CRC.b (T/°C) 1209 1359 1544 1781 2091 2517
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.465 - 17342 / (T/K) - 0.7927 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1800 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.917 - 16211 / (T/K)
1484.9 1634.7 1818.0
KAL (T/K) 1885 2060 2140 2260 2360 2430 2640 2790
SMI.c,l (T/K) liquid, 843..1465 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.115 - 15630 / (T/K)
1406 1545
14 Si silicon
use (T/K) 1908 2102 2339 2636 3021 3537
CRC.b (T/°C) 1635 1829 2066 2363 2748 3264
KAL (T/K) 2380 2590 2690 2840 2970 3100 3310 3490
SMI.c (T/K) solid, 1024..1410 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.325 - 19720 / (T/K)
1600
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 1410..1670 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.675 - 18550 / (T/K)
1738 1917
15 P phosphorus (white)
use (T/K) 279 307 342 388 453 549
CRC.c,e (T/°C) 6 (s) 34 (s) 69 115 180 276
KAL (T/K) 365 398 414 439 460 484 520.5 553.6
15 P phosphorus (red)
use (T/K) 455 489 529 576 635 704
CRC.b,c (T/°C) 182 (s) 216 (s) 256 (s) 303 (s) 362 (s) 431 (s)
16 S sulfur
use (T/K) 375 408 449 508 591 717
CRC.c (T/°C) 102 (s) 135 176 235 318 444
KAL (T/K) 462 505.7 528.0 561.3 590.1 622.5 672.4 717.8
17 Cl chlorine
use (T/K) 128 139 153 170 197 239
CRC.a (T/°C) -145 (s) -133.7 (s) -120.2 (s) -103.6 (s) -76.1 -34.2
KAL (T/K) 158 (s) 170 (s) 176.3 187.4 197.0 207.8 224.3 239.2
18 Ar argon
use (T/K) 47 53 61 71 87
CRC.a,d,l (T/°C) -226.4 (s) -220.3 (s) -212.4 (s) -201.7 (s) -186.0
KAL (T/K) 55.0 (s) 60.7 (s) 63.6 (s) 67.8 (s) 71.4 (s) 75.4 (s) 81.4 (s) 87.3
19 K potassium
use (T/K) 473 530 601 697 832 1029
CRC.f,k (T/°C) 200.2 256.5 328 424 559 756.2
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.967 - 4646 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 600 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.408 - 4453 / (T/K)
473.3 529.6 601.1
KAL (T/K) 633 704 740 794 841 894 975 1050
SMI.a (T/K) liquid, 91..338 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.485 - 4503 / (T/K)
475 531 602
20 Ca calcium
use (T/K) 864 956 1071 1227 1443 1755
CRC.b (T/°C) 591 (s) 683 (s) 798 (s) 954 1170 1482
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.133 - 9517 / (T/K) - 1.4030 log (T/K)
864.2 956.4 1071.5 1112.0
KAL (T/K) 1105 1220 1280 1365 1440 1525 1650 1765
SMI.a (T/K) 408..817 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.425 - 9055 / (T/K)
869 961 1075
21 Sc scandium
use (T/K) 1645 1804 (2006) (2266) (2613) (3101)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1372 (s) 1531 (s) 1733 (i) 1993 (i) 2340 (i) 2828 (i)
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.656 - 19721 / (T/K) + 0.2885 log (T/K) - 0.3663 (T/K) 10−3
CR2 liquid, m.p. to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.801 - 17681 / (T/K)
SMI.c (T/K) 1058..1804 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.065 - 18570 / (T/K)
1678 1845 2049
22 Ti titanium
use (T/K) 1982 2171 (2403) 2692 3064 3558
CRC.b (T/°C) 1709 1898 2130 (e) 2419 2791 3285
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 16.931 - 24991 / (T/K) - 1.3376 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2400 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.364 - 22747 / (T/K)
2001.7 2194.8
SMI.c (T/K) solid, 1134..1727 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.375 - 18640 / (T/K)
1797 1988
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 1727..1965 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.105 - 20110 / (T/K)
2209
23 V vanadium
use (T/K) 2101 2289 2523 2814 3187 3679
CRC.b (T/°C) 1828 (s) 2016 2250 2541 2914 3406
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.750 - 27132 / (T/K) - 0.5501 log (T/K)
2099.6
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.935 - 25011 / (T/K)
2287.2 2517.5
SMI.c (T/K) 1465..2207 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.445 - 26620 / (T/K)
2139 2326
24 Cr chromium
use (T/K) 1656 1807 1991 2223 2530 2942
CRC.b (T/°C) 1383 (s) 1534 (s) 1718 (s) 1950 2257 2669
CR2 solid, 298 K to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.806 - 20733 / (T/K) + 0.4391 log (T/K) - 0.4094 (T/K)−3
KAL (T/K) 2020 2180 2260 2370 2470 2580 2730 2870
SMI.c,l (T/K) solid, 907..1504 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.005 - 17560 / (T/K)
1463 1596 1755
25 Mn manganese
use (T/K) 1228 1347 1493 1691 1955 2333
CRC.b (T/°C) 955 (s) 1074 (s) 1220 (s) 1418 1682 2060
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 17.811 - 15097 / (T/K) - 1.7896 log (T/K)
1229.2 1346.6 1490.0
KAL (T/K) 1560 1710 1780 1890 1980 2080 2240 2390
SMI.c (T/K) 717..1251 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.375 - 14100 / (T/K)
1240 1359 1504
26 Fe iron
use (T/K) 1728 1890 2091 2346 2679 3132
CRC.b (T/°C) 1455 (s) 1617 1818 2073 2406 2859
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 12.106 - 21723 / (T/K) + 0.4536 log (T/K) - 0.5846 (T/K) 10−3
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2100 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.353 - 19574 / (T/K)
1890.7 2092.8
KAL (T/K) 2110 2290 2380 2500 2610 2720 2890 3030
SMI.c,f (T/K) solid, 1094..1535 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.755 - 20000 / (T/K)
1701
SMI.c,f (T/K) liquid, 1535..1783 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.535 - 21400 / (T/K)
1855 2031
27 Co cobalt
use (T/K) 1790 1960 2165 2423 2755 3198
CRC.b (T/°C) 1517 1687 1892 2150 2482 2925
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.982 - 22576 / (T/K) - 1.0280 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2150 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.494 - 20578 / (T/K)
1790.3 1960.9 2167.5
SMI.c (T/K) 1249..2056 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.555 - 21960 / (T/K)
1900 2081 2298
28 Ni nickel
use (T/K) 1783 1950 2154 2410 2741 3184
CRC.b (T/°C) 1510 1677 1881 2137 2468 2911
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.563 - 22606 / (T/K) - 0.8717 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2150 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.672 - 20765 / (T/K)
1779.0 1945.7 2146.9
KAL (T/K) 2230 2410 2500 2630 2740 2860 3030 3180
SMI.c,q solid, 1157..1455 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.405 - 21840 / (T/K)
SMI.c,q (T/K) liquid, 1455..1884 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.675 - 20600 / (T/K)
1764 1930 2129
29 Cu copper
use (T/K) 1509 1661 1850 2089 2404 2836
CRC.b (T/°C) 1236 1388 1577 1816 2131 2563
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.129 - 17748 / (T/K) - 0.7317 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1850 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.855 - 16415 / (T/K)
1512.2 1665.7 1853.8
KAL (T/K) 1940 2110 2200 2320 2420 2540 2710 2860
SMI.c,f solid, 946..1083 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.935 - 18060 / (T/K)
SMI.c,f (T/K) liquid, 1083..1628 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.845 - 16580 / (T/K)
1529 1684 1875
30 Zn zinc
use (T/K) 610 670 750 852 990 (1185)
CRC.b (T/°C) 337 (s) 397 (s) 477 579 717 912 (e)
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.108 - 6776 / (T/K)
610.0 670.4
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 750 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.384 - 6286 / (T/K)
749.8
KAL (T/K) 780 854 891 945 991 1040 1120 1185
SMI.a (T/K) solid, 211..405 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.065 - 6744 / (T/K)
609 670
31 Ga gallium
use (T/K) 1310 1448 1620 1838 2125 2518
CRC.b (T/°C) 1037 1175 1347 1565 1852 2245
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.663 - 14208 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1600 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.760 - 13984 / (T/K) - 0.3413 log (T/K)
1307.4 1444.4 1613.8
KAL (T/K) 1665 1820 1900 2000 2100 2200 2350 2480
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 771..1443 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.915 - 13360 / (T/K)
1347 1499 1688
32 Ge germanium
use (T/K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
CRC.b (T/°C) 1371 1541 1750 2014 2360 2831
SMI.c (T/K) 897..1635 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.065 - 15150 / (T/K)
1505 1671 1878
33 As arsenic
use (T/K) 553 596 646 706 781 874
CRC.c (T/°C) 280 (s) 323 (s) 373 (s) 433 (s) 508 (s) 601 (s)
KAL (T/K) 656 (s) 701 (s) 723 (s) 754 (s) 780 (s) 808 (s) 849 (s) 883 (s)
34 Se selenium
use (T/K) 500 552 617 704 813 958
CRC.c (T/°C) 227 279 344 431 540 685
KAL (T/K) 636 695 724 767 803 844 904 958
35 Br bromine
use (T/K) 185 201 220 244 276 332
CRC.a (T/°C) -87.7 (s) -71.8 (s) -52.7 (s) -29.3 (s) 2.5 58.4
KAL (T/K) 227 (s) 244.1 (s) 252.1 (s) 263.6 (s) 275.7 290.0 312.0 332.0
36 Kr krypton
use (T/K) 59 65 74 84 99 120
CRC.d (T/°C) -214.0 (s) -208.0 (s) -199.4 (s) -188.9 (s) -174.6 (s) -153.6
KAL (T/K) 77 (s) 84.3 (s) 88.1 (s) 93.8 (s) 98.6 (s) 103.9 (s) 112.0 (s) 119.7
37 Rb rubidium
use (T/K) 434 486 552 641 769 958
CRC.f,k (T/°C) 160.4 212.5 278.9 368 496.1 685.3
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.863 - 4215 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 550 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.318 - 4040 / (T/K)
433.6 485.7 552.1
KAL (T/K) 583 649 684 735 779 829 907 978
SMI.d (T/K) liquid, 59.4..283 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.545 - 4132 / (T/K)
433 484 548
38 Sr strontium
use (T/K) 796 882 990 1139 1345 1646
CRC.b (T/°C) 523 (s) 609 (s) 717 (s) 866 1072 1373
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.232 - 8572 / (T/K) - 1.1926 log (T/K)
795.7 882.0 989.9 1028.0
KAL (T/K) 1040 (s) 1150 1205 1285 1355 1430 1550 1660
SMI.c (T/K) solid, 361..750 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.255 - 8324 / (T/K)
812 899 1008
39 Y yttrium
use (T/K) 1883 2075 (2320) (2627) (3036) (3607)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1610.1 1802.3 2047 (i) 2354 (i) 2763 (i) 3334 (i)
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.741 - 22306 / (T/K) - 0.8705 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2300 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.801 - 20341 / (T/K)
1883.3 2075.4
SMI.c (T/K) 1249..2056 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.555 - 21970 / (T/K)
1901 2081 2299
40 Zr zirconium
use (T/K) 2639 2891 3197 3575 4053 4678
CRC.b (T/°C) 2366 2618 2924 3302 3780 4405
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.014 - 31512 / (T/K) - 0.7890 log (T/K)
CR2 liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.812 - 30295 / (T/K)
SMI.c (T/K) solid, 1527..2127 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.505 - 25870 / (T/K)
2249
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 2127..2459 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.165 - 27430 / (T/K)
2457 2698
41 Nb niobium
use (T/K) 2942 3207 3524 3910 4393 5013
CRC.b (T/°C) 2669 2934 3251 3637 4120 4740
CR2 solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 13.828 - 37818 / (T/K) - 0.2575 log (T/K)
SMI.n 2194..2539 °C: log (P/Pa) = 13.495 - 40400 / (T/K)
42 Mo molybdenum
use (T/K) 2742 2994 3312 3707 4212 4879
CRC.b (T/°C) 2469 (s) 2721 3039 3434 3939 4606
CR2 solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 16.535 - 34626 / (T/K) - 1.1331 log (T/K)
KAL (T/K) 3420 3720 3860 4060 4220 4410 4680 4900
SMI.r (T/K) solid, 1923..2533 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.925 - 30310 / (T/K)
2774
43 Tc technetium
use (T/K) (2727) (2998) (3324) (3726) (4234) (4894)
CRC.b (T/°C) 2454 (e) 2725 (e) 3051 (e) 3453 (e) 3961 (e) 4621 (e)
44 Ru ruthenium
use (T/K) 2588 2811 3087 3424 3845 4388
CRC.b (T/°C) 2315 (s) 2538 2814 3151 3572 4115
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.761 - 34154 / (T/K) - 0.4723 log (T/K)
2597.6
SMI.c (T/K) 1913..2946 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.625 - 33800 / (T/K)
2677 2908 3181
45 Rh rhodium
use (T/K) 2288 2496 2749 3063 3405 3997
CRC.b (T/°C) 2015 2223 2476 2790 3132 3724
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.174 - 29010 / (T/K) - 0.7068 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.808 - 26792 / (T/K)
2269.0 2478.9
SMI.c (T/K) 1681..2607 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.675 - 30400 / (T/K)
2398 2604 2848
46 Pd palladium
use (T/K) 1721 1897 2117 2395 2753 3234
CRC.b (T/°C) 1448 (s) 1624 1844 2122 2480 2961
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.508 - 19813 / (T/K) - 0.9258 log (T/K)
1721.0
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2100 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.432 - 17899 / (T/K)
1897.7
SMI.c (T/K) 1156..2000 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.585 - 19230 / (T/K)
1817 2006 2240
47 Ag silver
use (T/K) 1283 1413 1575 1782 2055 2433
CRC.b (T/°C) 1010 1140 1302 1509 1782 2160
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.133 - 14999 / (T/K) - 0.7845 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1600 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.758 - 13827 / (T/K)
1285.3 1417.0 1578.8
KAL (T/K) 1640 1790 1865 1970 2060 2160 2310 2440
SMI.a solid, 767..961 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.405 - 14850 / (T/K)
SMI.a (T/K) liquid, 961..1353 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.785 - 14090 / (T/K)
1306 1440 1604
48 Cd cadmium
use (T/K) 530 583 654 745 867 1040
CRC.b (T/°C) 257 (s) 310 (s) 381 472 594 767
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.945 - 5799 / (T/K)
529.8 583.1
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 650 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.248 - 5392 / (T/K)
653.7
KAL (T/K) 683 748 781 829 870 915 983 1045
SMI.a (T/K) solid, 148..321 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.905 - 5798 / (T/K)
532 585
49 In indium
use (T/K) 1196 1325 1485 1690 1962 2340
CRC.b (T/°C) 923 1052 1212 1417 1689 2067
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.997 - 12548 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1500 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.380 - 12276 / (T/K)
1182.7 1308.7 1464.9
SMI.c,m (T/K) liquid, 667..1260 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.055 - 12150 / (T/K)
1208 1342 1508
50 Sn tin
use (T/K) 1497 1657 1855 2107 2438 2893
CRC.b (T/°C) 1224 1384 1582 1834 2165 2620
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.042 - 15710 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1850 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.268 - 15332 / (T/K)
1493.2 1654.3 1854.4
KAL (T/K) 1930 2120 2210 2350 2470 2600 2800 2990
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 823..1609 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.095 - 13110 / (T/K)
1441 1620 1848
51 Sb antimony
use (T/K) 807 876 1011 1219 1491 1858
CRC.b,c (T/°C) 534 (s) 603 (s) 738 946 1218 1585
KAL (T/K) 1065 1220 1295 1405 1495 1595 1740 1890
SMI.c (T/K) 466..904 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.545 - 9913 / (T/K)
940 1039 1160
52 Te tellurium
use (T/K) (775) (888) 1042 1266
CRC.d (T/°C) 502 (e) 615 (e) 768.8 992.4
KAL (T/K) 806 888 929 990 1040 1100 1190 1270
53 I iodine (rhombic)
use (T/K) 260 282 309 342 381 457
CRC.a,b (T/°C) -12.8 (s) 9.3 (s) 35.9 (s) 68.7 (s) 108 (s) 184.0
KAL (T/K) 318 (s) 341.8 (s) 353.1 (s) 369.3 (s) 382.7 (s) 400.8 430.6 457.5
54 Xe xenon
use (T/K) 83 92 103 117 137 165
CRC.d,m (T/°C) -190 (s) -181 (s) -170 (s) -155.8 (s) -136.6 (s) -108.4
KAL (T/K) 107 (s) 117.3 (s) 122.5 (s) 130.1 (s) 136.6 (s) 143.8 (s) 154.7 (s) 165.0
55 Cs caesium
use (T/K) 418 469 534 623 750 940
CRC.f,k (T/°C) 144.5 195.6 260.9 350.0 477.1 667.0
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.717 - 3999 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 550 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.171 - 3830 / (T/K)
417.6 468.7 534.1
KAL (T/K) 559 624 657 708 752 802 883 959
SMI.e (T/K) liquid, 45..277 °C: log (P/Pa) = 8.985 - 3774 / (T/K)
420 473 540
56 Ba barium
use (T/K) 911 1038 1185 1388 1686 2170
CRC.e (T/°C) 638 (s) 765 912 1115 1413 1897
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 17.411 - 9690 / (T/K) - 2.2890 log (T/K)
911.0
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.013 - 8163 / (T/K)
1018.7 1164.0
KAL (T/K) 1165 1290 1360 1455 1540 1635 1780 1910
SMI.c (T/K) 418..858 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.005 - 8908 / (T/K)
890 989 1113
57 La lanthanum
use (T/K) (2005) (2208) (2458) (2772) (3178) (3726)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1732 (i) 1935 (i) 2185 (i) 2499 (i) 2905 (i) 3453 (i)
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 12.469 - 22551 / (T/K) - 0.3142 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.917 - 21855 / (T/K)
2001.9 2203.8 2450.9
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 1023..1754 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.005 - 18000 / (T/K)
1636 1799 1999
58 Ce cerium
use (T/K) 1992 2194 2442 2754 3159 3705
CRC.g (T/°C) 1719 1921 2169 2481 2886 3432
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.145 - 21752 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.617 - 21200 / (T/K)
1996.8 2204.4 2460.3
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 1004..1599 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.865 - 20100 / (T/K)
1562 1694 1850
59 Pr praseodymium
use (T/K) 1771 1973 (2227) (2571) (3054) (3779)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1497.7 1699.4 1954 (i) 2298 (i) 2781 (i) 3506 (i)
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.865 - 18720 / (T/K) - 0.9512 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.778 - 17315 / (T/K)
1770.8 1972.5
60 Nd neodymium
use (T/K) 1595 1774 1998 (2296) (2715) (3336)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1322.3 1501.2 1725.3 2023 (i) 2442 (i) 3063 (i)
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.002 - 17264 / (T/K) - 0.9519 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.918 - 15824 / (T/K)
1595.5 1774.4 1998.5
62 Sm samarium
use (T/K) 1001 1106 1240 (1421) (1675) (2061)
CRC.c (T/°C) 728 (s) 833 (s) 967 (s) 1148 (i) 1402 (i) 1788 (i)
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.994 - 11034 / (T/K) - 1.3287 log (T/K)
1002.5 1109.2 1242.2 1289.0
63 Eu europium
use (T/K) 863 957 1072 1234 1452 1796
CRC.g (T/°C) 590 (s) 684 (s) 799 (s) 961 1179 1523
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.246 - 9459 / (T/K) - 1.1661 log (T/K)
874.6 968.8 1086.5
64 Gd gadolinium
use (T/K) (1836) (2028) (2267) (2573) (2976) (3535)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1563 (i) 1755 (i) 1994 (i) 2300 (i) 2703 (i) 3262 (i)
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.350 - 20861 / (T/K) - 0.5775 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2250 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.563 - 19389 / (T/K)
1835.6 2027.5 2264.3
65 Tb terbium
use (T/K) 1789 1979 (2201) (2505) (2913) (3491)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1516.1 1706.1 1928 (i) 2232 (i) 2640 (i) 3218 (i)
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.516 - 20457 / (T/K) - 0.9247 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.417 - 18639 / (T/K)
1789.3 1979.3 2214.4
66 Dy dysprosium
use (T/K) 1378 1523 (1704) (1954) (2304) (2831)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1105 (s) 1250 (s) 1431 (i) 1681 (i) 2031 (i) 2558 (i)
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.585 - 15336 / (T/K) - 1.1114 log (T/K)
1382.3 1526.5
67 Ho holmium
use (T/K) 1432 1584 (1775) (2040) (2410) (2964)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1159 (s) 1311 (s) 1502 (i) 1767 (i) 2137 (i) 2691 (i)
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.791 - 15899 / (T/K) - 1.1753 log (T/K)
1434.8 1585.2
68 Er erbium
use (T/K) 1504 1663 (1885) (2163) (2552) (3132)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1231 (s) 1390 (s) 1612 (i) 1890 (i) 2279 (i) 2859 (i)
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.922 - 16642 / (T/K) - 1.2154 log (T/K)
1504.7 1663.0
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1900 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.674 - 14380 / (T/K)
1873.9
69 Tm thulium
use (T/K) 1117 1235 1381 1570 (1821) (2217)
CRC.c (T/°C) 844 (s) 962 (s) 1108 (s) 1297 (s) 1548 (i) 1944 (i)
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to 1400 K: log (P/Pa) = 13.888 - 12270 / (T/K) - 0.9564 log (T/K)
1118.3 1235.5 1381.0
70 Yb ytterbium
use (T/K) 736 813 910 1047 (1266) (1465)
CRC.c (T/°C) 463 (s) 540 (s) 637 (s) 774 (s) 993 (i) 1192 (i)
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to 900 K: log (P/Pa) = 14.117 - 8111 / (T/K) - 1.0849 log (T/K)
737.0 814.4
71 Lu lutetium
use (T/K) 1906 2103 2346 (2653) (3072) (3663)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1633 (s) 1829.8 2072.8 2380 (i) 2799 (i) 3390 (i)
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.799 - 22423 / (T/K) - 0.6200 log (T/K)
1905.9
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2350 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.654 - 20302 / (T/K)
2103.0 2346.0
72 Hf hafnium
use (T/K) 2689 2954 3277 3679 4194 4876
CRC.e (T/°C) 2416 2681 3004 3406 3921 4603
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.451 - 32482 / (T/K) - 0.6735 log (T/K)
73 Ta tantalum
use (T/K) 3297 3597 3957 4395 4939 5634
CRC.b (T/°C) 3024 3324 3684 4122 4666 5361
CR2 solid, 248 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 21.813 - 41346 / (T/K) - 3.2152 log (T/K) + 0.7437 (T/K) 10−3
SMI.o,p solid, 2407..2820 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.125 - 40210 / (T/K)
74 W tungsten
use (T/K) 3477 3773 4137 4579 5127 5823
CRC.b (T/°C) 3204 (s) 3500 3864 4306 4854 5550
CR2 solid, 298 K to 2350 K: log (P/Pa) = 7.951 - 44094 / (T/K) + 1.3677 log (T/K)
CR2 solid, 2200 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = -49.521 - 57687 / (T/K) - 12.2231 log (T/K)
KAL (T/K) 4300 4630 4790 5020 5200 5400 5690 5940
SMI.s (T/K) solid, 2554..3309 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.365 - 40260 / (T/K)
3542
75 Re rhenium
use (T/K) 3303 3614 4009 4500 5127 5954
CRC.b (T/°C) 3030 (s) 3341 3736 4227 4854 5681
CR2 solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 16.549 - 40726 / (T/K) - 1.1629 log (T/K)
76 Os osmium
use (T/K) 3160 3423 3751 4148 4638 5256
CRC.b (T/°C) 2887 (s) 3150 3478 3875 4365 4983
CR2 solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 14.425 - 41198 / (T/K) - 0.3896 log (T/K)
SMI.c (T/K) 2101..3221 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.715 - 37000 / (T/K)
2910 3158 3453
77 Ir iridium
use (T/K) 2713 2957 3252 3614 4069 4659
CRC.b (T/°C) 2440 (s) 2684 2979 3341 3796 4386
CR2 solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 15.512 - 35099 / (T/K) - 0.7500 log (T/K)
SMI.c (T/K) 1993..3118 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.185 - 34110 / (T/K)
2799 3050 3349
78 Pt platinum
use (T/K) 2330 (2550) 2815 3143 3556 4094
CRC.b (T/°C) 2057 2277 (e) 2542 2870 3283 3821
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 4.888 - 29387 / (T/K) + 1.1039 log (T/K) - 0.4527 (T/K) 10−3
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.392 - 26856 / (T/K)
2357.4
KAL (T/K) 2910 3150 3260 3420 3560 3700 3910 4090
SMI.c (T/K) 1606..2582 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.758 - 27500 / (T/K)
2339 2556 2818
79 Au gold
use (T/K) 1646 1814 2021 2281 2620 3078
CRC.b (T/°C) 1373 1541 1748 2008 2347 2805
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.158 - 19343 / (T/K) - 0.7479 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2050 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.838 - 18024 / (T/K)
1663.0 1832.1 2039.4
KAL (T/K) 2100 2290 2390 2520 2640 2770 2960 3120
SMI.a (T/K) 1083..1867 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.775 - 18520 / (T/K)
1719 1895 2111
80 Hg mercury
use (T/K) 315 350 393 449 523 629
CRC.j,k (T/°C) 42.0 76.6 120.0 175.6 250.3 355.9
CR2 (T/K) liquid, 298 K to 400 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.122 - 3190 / (T/K)
315.2 349.7 392.8
KAL (T/K) 408 448.8 468.8 498.4 523.4 551.2 592.9 629.8
81 Tl thallium
use (T/K) 882 977 1097 1252 1461 1758
CRC.b (T/°C) 609 704 824 979 1188 1485
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.977 - 9447 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1100 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.265 - 9037 / (T/K)
880.4 975.4 1093.4
KAL (T/K) 1125 1235 1290 1370 1440 1515 1630 1730
SMI.a (T/K) liquid, 405..821 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.275 - 8920 / (T/K)
868 962 1078
82 Pb lead
use (T/K) 978 1088 1229 1412 1660 2027
CRC.b (T/°C) 705 815 956 1139 1387 1754
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.649 - 10143 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.917 - 9701 / (T/K)
978.2 1087.9
KAL (T/K) 1285 1420 1485 1585 1670 1760 1905 2030
SMI.a (T/K) liquid, 483..975 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.815 - 9600 / (T/K)
978 1089 1228
83 Bi bismuth
use (T/K) 941 1041 1165 1325 1538 1835
CRC.b (T/°C) 668 768 892 1052 1265 1562
KAL (T/K) 1225 1350 1410 1505 1580 1670 1800 1920
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 474..934 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.265 - 9824 / (T/K)
957 1060 1189
84 Po polonium
use (T/K) (846) 1003 1236
CRC.d (T/°C) 573 (e) 730.2 963.3
85 At astatine
use (T/K) 361 392 429 475 531 607
CRC.b (T/°C) 88 (s) 119 (s) 156 (s) 202 (s) 258 (s) 334
86 Rn radon
use (T/K) 110 121 134 152 176 211
CRC.d (T/°C) -163 (s) -152 (s) -139 (s) -121.4 (s) -97.6 (s) -62.3
KAL (T/K) 139 (s) 152 (s) 158 (s) 168 (s) 176 (s) 184 (s) 198 (s) 211
87 Fr francium
use (T/K) (404) (454) (519) (608) (738) (946)
CRC.b (T/°C) 131 (e) 181 (e) 246 (e) 335 (e) 465 (e) 673 (e)
88 Ra radium
use (T/K) 819 906 1037 1209 1446 1799
CRC.b (T/°C) 546 (s) 633 (s) 764 936 1173 1526
90 Th thorium
use (T/K) 2633 2907 3248 3683 4259 5055
CRC.b (T/°C) 2360 2634 2975 3410 3986 4782
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.674 - 31483 / (T/K) - 0.5288 log (T/K)
CR2 liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = -13.447 - 24569 / (T/K) + 6.6473 log (T/K)
SMI.c (T/K) 1686..2715 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.645 - 28440 / (T/K)
2442 2672 2949
91 Pa protactinium
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.558 - 34869 / (T/K) - 1.0075 log (T/K)
CR2 liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.183 - 32874 / (T/K)
92 U uranium
use (T/K) 2325 2564 2859 3234 3727 4402
CRC.b (T/°C) 2052 2291 2586 2961 3454 4129
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 5.776 - 27729 / (T/K) + 2.6982 log (T/K) - 1.5471 (T/K) 10−3
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 25.741 - 28776 / (T/K) - 4.0962 log (T/K)
2422.6
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 1461..2338 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.005 - 25800 / (T/K)
2149 2344 2579
93 Np neptunium
use (T/K) 2194 2437
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 24.649 - 24886 / (T/K) - 3.9991 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 15.082 - 23378 / (T/K) - 1.3250 log (T/K)
2194.1 2436.6
94 Pu plutonium
use (T/K) 1756 1953 2198 2511 2926 3499
CRC.b (T/°C) 1483 1680 1925 2238 2653 3226
CR2 solid, 500 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 23.864 - 18460 / (T/K) - 4.4720 log (T/K)
CR2 solid, 298 K to 600 K: log (P/Pa) = 31.166 - 19162 / (T/K) - 6.6675 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 8.672 - 16658 / (T/K)
1920.9 2171.3
95 Am americium
use (T/K) 1239 1356
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 16.317 - 15059 / (T/K) - 1.3449 log (T/K)
1238.7 1356.1
96 Cm curium
use (T/K) 1788 1982
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.375 - 20364 / (T/K) - 0.5770 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.229 - 18292 / (T/K)
1788.2 1982.0

Notes

  • Values are given in terms of temperature necessary to reach the specified pressure.
  • Valid results within the quoted ranges from most equations are included in the table for comparison.
  • A conversion factor is included into the original first coefficients of the equations to provide the pressure in pascals (CR2: 5.006, SMI: -0.875).
  • Ref. SMI uses temperature scale ITS-48. No conversion was done, which should be of little consequence however.
  • The temperature at standard pressure should be equal to the normal boiling point, but due to the considerable spread does not necessarily have to match values reported elsewhere.
  • log refers to log base 10
  • (T/K) refers to temperature in Kelvin (K)
  • (P/Pa) refers to pressure in Pascal (Pa)

References

CRC.a-m

David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Vapor Pressure

Uncertainties of several degrees should generally be assumed. (e) Indicates extrapolated values beyond the region of experimental data, subject to greater uncertainty. (i) Indicates values calculated from ideal gas thermodynamic functions. (s) Indicates the substance is solid at this temperature. As quoted from these sources:
  • a - Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1994.
  • b - Stull, D., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, Gray, D.E., Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 1972.
  • c - Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1973.
  • d - TRCVP, Vapor Pressure Database, Version 2.2P, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
  • e - Barin, I., Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, VCH Publishers, New York, 1993.
  • f - Ohse, R.W. Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1994.
  • g - Gschneidner, K.A., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th Edition, p. 4-112, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1996.
  • h - Leider, H.R; Krikorian, O.H; Young, D.A (1973). "Thermodynamic properties of carbon up to the critical point". Carbon. 11 (5). Elsevier BV: 555–563. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(73)90316-3. ISSN 0008-6223..
  • i - Wagner, W., and de Reuck, K.M., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 9. Oxygen, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.
  • j - Marsh, K.N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.
  • k - Alcock, C. B.; Itkin, V. P.; Horrigan, M. K. (1984). "Vapour Pressure Equations for the Metallic Elements: 298–2500K". Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly. 23 (3). Informa UK Limited: 309–313. Bibcode:1984CaMQ...23..309A. doi:10.1179/cmq.1984.23.3.309. ISSN 0008-4433.
  • l - Stewart, Richard B.; Jacobsen, Richard T. (1989). "Thermodynamic Properties of Argon from the Triple Point to 1200 K with Pressures to 1000 MPa". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 18 (2). AIP Publishing: 639–798. Bibcode:1989JPCRD..18..639S. doi:10.1063/1.555829. ISSN 0047-2689.
  • m - S̆ifner, O.; Klomfar, J. (1994). "Thermodynamic Properties of Xenon from the Triple Point to 800 K with Pressures up to 350 MPa". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 23 (1). AIP Publishing: 63–152. Bibcode:1994JPCRD..23...63S. doi:10.1063/1.555956. ISSN 0047-2689.

CR2

David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements

The equations reproduce the observed pressures to an accuracy of ±5% or better. Coefficients from this source:

KAL

National Physical Laboratory, Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants; Section 3.4.4, D. Ambrose, Vapour pressures from 0.2 to 101.325 kPa. Retrieved Jan 2006.

SMI.a-s

W.E. Forsythe (ed.), Smithsonian Physical Tables 9th ed., online version (1954; Knovel 2003). Table 363, Evaporation of Metals

The equations are described as reproducing the observed pressures to a satisfactory degree of approximation. From these sources:
  • a - K.K. Kelley, Bur. Mines Bull. 383, (1935).
  • b - Ditchburn, R. W.; Gilmour, J. C. (1941-10-01). "The Vapor Pressures of Monatomic Vapors". Reviews of Modern Physics. 13 (4). American Physical Society (APS): 310–327. Bibcode:1941RvMP...13..310D. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.13.310. ISSN 0034-6861.
  • c - Brewer, The thermodynamic and physical properties of the elements, Report for the Manhattan Project, (1946).
  • d - Killian, Thomas J. (1926-05-01). "Thermionic Phenomena Caused by Vapors of Rubidium and Potassium". Physical Review. 27 (5). American Physical Society (APS): 578–587. Bibcode:1926PhRv...27..578K. doi:10.1103/physrev.27.578. ISSN 0031-899X.
  • e - Taylor, John Bradshaw; Langmuir, Irving (1937-05-01). "Vapor Pressure of Caesium by the Positive Ion Method". Physical Review. 51 (9). American Physical Society (APS): 753–760. Bibcode:1937PhRv...51..753T. doi:10.1103/physrev.51.753. ISSN 0031-899X.
  • f - Marshall, A.L.; Dornte, R.W.; Norton, F.J. (1937). "The Vapor Pressure of Copper and Iron". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 59 (7): 1161-1166. doi:10.1021/ja01286a001.
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  • h - Rudberg, Erik (1934-11-01). "The Vapor Pressure of Calcium between 500 and 625°C". Physical Review. 46 (9). American Physical Society (APS): 763–767. Bibcode:1934PhRv...46..763R. doi:10.1103/physrev.46.763. ISSN 0031-899X.
  • i - van Liempt, J. A. M. (1936). "Die Dampfdrücke des Bariums". Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas. 55 (6). Wiley: 468–470. doi:10.1002/recl.19360550604. ISSN 0165-0513..
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  • n - Reimann, A.L.; Grant, C. Kerr (1936). "III.Some high-temperature properties of niobium". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 22 (145). Informa UK Limited: 34–48. doi:10.1080/14786443608561665. ISSN 1941-5982.
  • o - Langmuir, D. B.; Malter, L. (1939-04-15). "The Rate of Evaporation of Tantalum". Physical Review. 55 (8). American Physical Society (APS): 748–749. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..748L. doi:10.1103/physrev.55.748. ISSN 0031-899X.
  • p - Fiske, Milan D. (1942-04-01). "The Temperature Scale, Thermionics, and Thermatomics of Tantalum". Physical Review. 61 (7–8). American Physical Society (APS): 513–519. Bibcode:1942PhRv...61..513F. doi:10.1103/physrev.61.513. ISSN 0031-899X.
  • q - Johnston, H. L.; Marshall, A. L. (1940). "Vapor Pressures of Nickel and of Nickel Oxide". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (6). American Chemical Society (ACS): 1382–1390. doi:10.1021/ja01863a015. ISSN 0002-7863.
  • r - Jones, Howard A.; r, Irving Langmu; Mackay, G. M. J. (1927-08-01). "The Rates of Evaporation and the Vapor Pressures of Tungsten, Molybdenum, Platinum, Nickel, Iron, Copper and Silver". Physical Review. 30 (2). American Physical Society (APS): 201–214. Bibcode:1927PhRv...30..201J. doi:10.1103/physrev.30.201. ISSN 0031-899X.
  • s - H.A. Jones, I. Langmuir, Gen. Electric Rev., vol. 30, p. 354, (1927).

See also
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