Hokah (Hindustan: حقّہ (Nastaliq), हुक़्क़ा (Dewanagari), IPA:[ˈɦʊqːa]),[1][2][3] juga disebut shisha,[3] adalah alat bertangkai tunggal maupun banyak yang digunakan untuk memanaskan atau menguapkan dan kemudian mengisap suatu zat baik tembakau, tembakau beraroma (umumnya muʽassel), atau terkadang ganja, hasis, dan opium.[3] Asap dilewatkan melalui suatu wadah — umumnya berbahan dasar kaca — sebelum diisap.[3][4][5]
Hokah ditemukan oleh Abul-Fath Gilani, seorang dokter pribadi Raja Akbar, yang tinggal di Kota Fatehpur Sikri di India pada zaman kejayaan Mughal;[7][12][13] lalu menyebar dari anak benua India ke Persia terlebih dahulu ketika mekanismenya dimodifikasi menjadi bentuknya sekarang dan kemudian ke Timur Dekat.[14] Ada juga yang menyebutkan bahwa hokah berasal dari dinasti Safawiyah di Persia,[7][15][16] lalu menyebar ke anak benua India.[17][18]
Meski penggunaan tembakau dan zat adiktif lainnya dianggap tabu ketika hookah pertama kali ditemukan, penggunaannya menjadi semakin populer di kalangan bangsawan dan kemudian diterima secara luas.[19] Secara bertahap, metode membakar tembakau kelak diganti dengan metode penguapan dalam shisha. Hokah asli masih sering digunakan di pedesaan Asia Selatan, yang terus menggunakan tumbak (bentuk kasar dari daun tembakau tanpa rasa) yang kemudian diisap dengan dibakar langsung dengan arang.[20] Metode ini menghasilkan kandungan tembakau dan nikotin yang jauh lebih tinggi,dan juga menimbulkan efek kesehatan yang lebih buruk dibandingkan dengan menguapkan hookah.[butuh rujukan]
Kata hokah berasal dari kata dalam bahasa Hindustan, huqqa,[2][21] yang berasal dari bahasa Arab (berasal dari حُقَّةḥuqqah, "botol, bejana").[22] Di luar daerah asalnya, merokok hokah telah mendapatkan popularitas di seluruh dunia,[14] terutama di kalangan anak muda.[23]
Referensi
^The Ceylon Antiquary and Literary Register, Volume 1. The Times. 1916. hlm. 111. It has even drawn largely on English, and such words as daktar and platfarm, isteshan and tikat, trem-ghari and rel-ghari, registran karna and apil karna are as common as similar words are in Ceylon. To make up for it Hindustani has not only enriched the vocabulary of Anglo-Indian English with such words as topi and pugre, oheerot and hookah, dhoby and sepoy, ghary and tamasha, durbar and bukshish, Kachcheri and Punkah, but has contributed to it words like jungle, bazar, [and] loot.
^ abPathak, R. S. (1994). Indianisation of English Language and Literature. Bahri Publications. hlm. 72. Bhabani Bhattacharya, who uses Hindi words like taveez, laddoo, hookah, vaid and halwai, also makes deft employment of reverential term Bai for the heroine besides using exclamatory terms as Ho, Han (yes) and Ram-Ram.
^Devichand, Mukul (2007-06-25). "UK | Magazine | Pipe dream". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 2013-09-03. Despite being a recent addition to British culture, shisha has a long history. Many believe that it originated in India (known there as "hookah") about a thousand years ago, when more often the shisha pipe was used to smoke opium rather than tobacco.
^Akl, EA; Gaddam, S; Gunukula, SK; Honeine, R; Jaoude, PA; Irani, J (June 2010). "The effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking on health outcomes: a systematic review". International Journal of Epidemiology. 39 (3): 834–57. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq002. PMID20207606.
^Sivaramakrishnan, V. M (2001). Tobacco and Areca Nut. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan. hlm. 4–5. ISBN978-81-250-2013-4. The hookah is of historical interest. Portuguese merchants introduced tobacco leaves and European style pipes into Bijapur, the glittering capital of the Adil Shahi kingdom. From here, Asad Beg, the Moghul ambassador in Bijapur, took a large quantity of tobacco leaves and pipes to the Mughal court. He presented Emperor Akbar with some tobacco leaves and a jewel-encrusted European style pope. Out of courtesy and curiosity, Akbar took a few puffs, but his personal physician was worried that tobacco smoke, a hitherto totally unknown substance, might be dangerous. So, he suggested that the smoke be purified by passing it through water, before being inhaled. Thus, the hookah, or water pipe, came into being.
^The Wealth of India. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. 1976. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-01. The smoking of hookah and hubble-bubble started in India during the reign of the great Moghul emperor, Akbar
^"ḠALYĀN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Diakses tanggal 2019-05-29. It seems, therfore, [sic] that Abu’l-Fatḥ Gīlānī should be credited with the introduction of the ḡalyān, already in use in Persia, to India.
^Pathak, R. S. (1994). Indianisation of English Language and Literature. Bahri Publications/. hlm. 24. In the domain of philosophy, religion and fine arts, particularly music, the words come entirely from Hindi-Sanskrit. The commonest ones are puja, bhajan, shastra, purana, karma, vina, raga, etc. Finally, common festivals and socio-cultural institutions throughout the country provide such terms as Holi, Dee(pa)wali, brahmin, sudra, hookah, bidi, budmash, shikari and so on.