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Carapana language

Not to be confused with Andoquero language.
Carapano
Mõxtã
Native toColombia, Brazil
Native speakers
500 (2012)[1]
Tucanoan
  • Eastern
    • Central
      • Tatuyo–Carapano
        • Carapano
Language codes
ISO 639-3cbc
Glottologcara1272
ELPCarapana

Carapano (Karapanã, Carapana-tapuya, Möxdöá) is a Tucanoan language of Colombia and Brazil.

Phonology

Carapano has 11 consonants.[2]

Consonants of Carapano
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless p t k
voiced b d g
Fricative s
Tap ɾ
Approximant w j h
  • /p, t, k/ alternate with /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/.[3]
  • /b, d, g/ become [m, n, ŋ] before nasal vowels.[3] They become [ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑg] after nasal vowels.[3]
  • /b, d/ alternate with [ᵐb, ⁿd] at the beginning of a word, e.g., báì /báì/ [báì]~[ᵐbáì] 'younger brother'.[3]
  • /s/ alternates with /t͡s/.[4]
  • /ɾ/ has three variants
    • /n̆/ next to nasal vowels
    • /ɺ/ before oral vowels, at the beginning of a word, and
    • /ɾ/ elsewhere.[4]
  • /w, h/ are often [β, x] before front vowels.[4]
  • /j/ alternates with pre-stopped [ᵈj].[4]
  • /w, j, h/ become [w̃, j̃, h̃] before nasal vowels.[4]

It also has 6 vowels and their nasalized forms, plus high and low tones.[2]

Front Central Back
Close i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ
Mid e ẽ o õ
Open a ã

Orthography

Metzger and Metzger use the following orthography.[7]

IPA Orthography
a a
e e
i i
o o
u u
ɨ ʉ
ã ã
ẽ ẽ
ĩ ĩ
õ õ
ũ ũ
ɨ̃ ʉ̃
b b, m
d d, n
j y, ñ
g g, gu
h j
k c, qu
p p
r r
s s
t t
w w
◌́ ◌́
◌̀ not marked

References

  1. ^ Carapano at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ a b Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 126.
  3. ^ a b c d Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 127.
  4. ^ a b c d e Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 128.
  5. ^ Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 130.
  6. ^ Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 131.
  7. ^ Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 132.

Works cited

  • Metzger, Ronald; Metzger, Lois (1973). "Fonología del carapana". Sistemas fonológicos de idiomas columbianos (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. pp. 121–132.


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