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List of large volcanic eruptions

For a list of the largest recorded eruptions, see List of largest volcanic eruptions.
Satellite images of the 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai

This is a sortable list of large eruptions that occurred between 11.7 Ka and 450+ Ma. Uncertainties as to dates and tephra volumes are not restated, and references are not repeated. The inclusion criteria here only covers entries with a Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or greater. The given values for events in the Miocene epoch sometimes lack references, and are given as VEI-equivalent, as an estimate of the erupted tephra volume.

<11.7KA (Holocene)

Main article: List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions

11.7 to 49KA

VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot 		Material volume (km3) Age in Ka[1] Tephra or eruption name
6 Lolobau Island Bismarck Volcanic Arc 50 50 12 caldera formation
6 Menengai Great Rift Valley, Kenya 24.9 < 25 12.3 Ruplax Tuff
6 Nevado de Toluca Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 20 20 12.5 Upper Toluca Pumice
6 Sakurajima Kyūshū 11 11 12.8 Sakurajima-Satsuma Tuff
6 Laacher See Eifel hotspot 20 20 12.9
6 Nigorigawa Hokkaidō 10.9 10.9 14.6
6 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 79 79 14.9 Neapolitan Yellow Tuff
6 Maly Semyachik Kamchatka 17.5 17.5 15
6 Towada Honshū 56 56 15.6 eruption episode L
7 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc Un­known 15.7
5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 1.3 1.3 19.3 Green Pumice
7 Long Island, PNG Bismarck Volcanic Arc 100 100 19.3 Kiau Ignimbrite
7 Zavaritzki Caldera Simushir, Kuril Islands 200 200 20
6 Rabaul Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10.1 >10 21 Kulau Ignimbrite
6 Menengai Great Rift Valley, Kenya 26.1 26.1 21 Caldera formation 2
6 Cape Riva Caldera, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc 20.1 >20 21.8 Cape Riva
5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 1.9 1.9 22 Basal Pumice
6 Mount Katmai SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 10.1 ⩾10 22.8 Late Pleistocene rhyodacite pumice fall and ignimbrite
8 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 1170 1170 26.5 Oruanui eruption[a]
6 Morne Diablotins Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc 14 14 26.6 Grand Savanne Ignimbrite
? Laguna Caldera Luzon Volcanic Arc Un­known 27-29
5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 2.2 2.2 28.6 Codola Pumice
6 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 10.1 ≥10 29.1 Y3
6 Emmons Lake caldera SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 50 50 29.3 Dawson Tephra
6 Nemrut yanardağı Turkey 65.4 65.4 29.7
7-8 Aira Caldera Kyūshū 940 940 - 1,040[2] 30[3] Ito Ignimbrite
6 Nemo Peak Onekotan, Kuril Islands 10 10 30.8 Nemo III
6 Shiveluch Kamchatka 30.1 >30 32.2 caldera formation
6 Volcán Los Azufres Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 11 11 32.8 Cieneguillas Ignimbrite
6 Morne Trois Pitons Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc 58 58 33.3 Roseau Tuff/Ignimbrite
7 Lake Ranau Sunda Arc, Sumatra 150 150 33.6 Ranau Tuff
6 Nemo Peak Onekotan, Kuril Islands 31.3 31.3 34 Nemo II
6 Mount Batur Sunda Arc, Bali 84 84 34.6 Ubud Ignimbrite
6 Ksudach Kamchatka 25 25 35 Caldera II
6 Lake Mashū Hokkaidō 10 10 35.3[4] Nu-p
6 Menengai Great Rift Valley, Kenya 26.1 26.1 35.6 Menengai Tuff
6 Towada Honshū 46 46 36 eruption episode N
6 Lake Mashū Hokkaidō 10 10 38.3[4] Nu-r
7 Gorely Kamchatka 120 120 39 Southern sea cliffs
7 Kussharo Hokkaidō 170 170 39.3 Kp-1, Kutcharo Shoro Ash
7 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 430 430 - 680 39.9 Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption
5 Galeras Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone Un­known 40
6 Ksudach Kamchatka 40 40 40 Caldera I
6 Ugashik-Peulik SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 30 30 40 Caldera formation
6? Ulleung South Korea 10 10? 40[3] Ulleungdo-Yamato tephra
6 Irosin Caldera Bicol-Leyte Volcanic Arc 70 70 41 Irosin Ignimbrites
6 Qualibou Saint Lucia, Lesser Antilles island arc 11 11 42.3 Choiseul Tuff
6 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 10.3 10.3 42.5 C (Cs, Cy, Cm, Cw, Ct) (Ape Canyon)
6 Kuttara Hokkaidō 14.4 14.4 DRE[4] 43[6] Kt-1
7 Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas Kamchatka 150 150 43.6 Uzon ignimbrite - northern field
6 Golovnin Kunashir, Kuril Islands 15 15 43.7 Kn III-5 Tephra
6 Mount Akagi Honshū 25.9 25.9 44 Akagi-Kanuma pumice
6 Mendeleev Kunashir, Kuril Islands 60 60 44.5 caldera formation
7 Opala Kamchatka 225 225 44.5 caldera formation
5-6 Naruko Honshū 5 5 - 10[4] 45 Yanagisawa Tuff
7 Nemo Peak Onekotan, Kuril Islands 115.1 >115 45 Nemo I
6 Smith Island Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc 49 49 45
7 Shikotsu Hokkaidō 350 350 - 390[7] 46 caldera formation

50 to 99KA

VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot 		Material volume (km3) Age in Ka[8] Tephra or eruption name
6 Kuttara Hokkaidō 10.2 10.2 DRE 50 Kt-2
7 Ōkataina Volcanic Complex Taupō Volcanic Zone 100 >100 DRE[9] 50 Rotoiti Ignimbrite
6 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 13.1 13.1 51 Santa Lucia Tephra
7 Lake Maninjau Sunda Arc, Sumatra 235 235 52 Maninjau paroxysmal welded and unwelded tuffs
6 Mount Kujū Kyūshū 12.0 12[10] 53.5 Kuju-Handa pyroclastic flow (Kj-Hd), Kuju-1 Pumice (Kj-P1)
6 Skaros Caldera, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc 13.8 13.75 54 Upper Scoriae 2
6 Kuttara Hokkaidō 20.1 20.1 DRE 50 - 60 Kt-3
5[11] Torfajökull[12] Iceland 44 DRE[11] 55.4[12] Þórsmörk ignimbrite and Greenland II-RHY-1[12]
6 Ischia Campanian volcanic arc 10.1 ≥ 10 56 X2
6 Ischia Campanian volcanic arc 40.0 40 56 Monte Epomeo Green Tuff
6 Daisen Honshū 40.0 40 59.6[3] Daisen-Kurayoshi Pumice
6 Shikotsu Hokkaidō 50.0 50 60 Shadai eruption
6 Towada Honshū 10.0 10 61 eruption episode Q
6 Newberry Volcano Cascade Volcanic Arc 12.6 > 12.5 62.5 Olema tephra, Paulina tephra
6 Hakone Honshū 20.0 20 66 Hakone-Tokyo Pumice
6 Akademia Nauk Kamchatka 12.5 12.5 69.4 Odnoboky O2 tuffs
6 Los Humeros Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 37.0 37 69 Zaragoza Tuff
6 Los Humeros Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 24.0 24 70 Faby Tuff
6 Pico do Fogo Cape Verde Un­known 73
5-6 Naruko Honshū 5.0 5 - 10 73 Nisaka Tuff
8 Lake Toba Caldera Sunda Arc, Sumatra 2800 2,800 - 5,300[13] 74 Youngest Toba Tuff[b]
6 Barrier Volcano Great Rift Valley, Kenya 10.0 10 74 caldera formation
6 Kuttara Hokkaidō 11.1 > 11 DRE 75 Kt-4
6 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 12.4 12.35 80 CA-1a Tephra
6 Bolshoy Semyachik Kamchatka 42.0 42 80 Bol'shoi Semiachik Caldera II
6 Hakone Honshū 10.0 10 80 Hakone-Obaradai Pumice
7? Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 25.0 25 81 Inararo Tuff
6 Etna Campanian volcanic arc 10.0 10 82.8 X4; I-7
7 Lago de Atitlán Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala 300 300 84 Los Chocoyos eruption
6 Kuttara Hokkaidō 16.8 16.8 DRE 84 Kt-6
6 Kussharo Hokkaidō 25.0 25 85 Kp-2/3
6 Kuttara Hokkaidō 10.8 10.8 DRE 84 - 87 Kt-7
7-8 Mount Aso Kyūshū 930 930 - 1,860[2] 87 Aso-4 Ignimbrite
6 Kuttara Hokkaidō 9.9 9.9 DRE 87 - 106 Kt-8

100 to 299KA

VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot 		Material volume (km3) Age in Ka[15] Tephra or eruption name
7 Kikai Caldera Ryukyu Islands Un­known 100 Tozurahara eruption
6 Sierra la Primavera Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 90 100 Tala Tuff
6 Skaros Caldera, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc 14 100 Middle Pumice
6 Ontake Honshū 50 100 Ontake-1 Pumice
6 Rabaul Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10? 100 Boroi Ignimbrites
6 Rabaul Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10? 100 Malaguna Pyroclastics
7 Ata Caldera Kyūshū 350 100[3] Ata pyroclastic deposits
6 Sanbe Honshū 20 105 Sanbe-Kisuki pumice
6 Tangkuban Perahu Sunda Arc, Java ≥ 10 105 Sunda Caldera
7 Lake Tōya Hokkaidō 230 – 310[2] 106
6 Santo Antão Cape Verde 10.33 106 Cão Grande I
6 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc ≥ 10 106.2 X5
6 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc ≥ 10 108.9 X6
7 Kussharo Hokkaidō 175 117.5 Kp-4, Kutcharo Haboro Ash
7 Emmons Lake caldera SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 220 124 Old Craw Tephra
7 Mount Aso Kyūshū > 150 130 Aso-3 Ignimbrite
6 Mount Aso Kyūshū 50 141 Aso-2 Ignimbrite
6 Yellowstone Caldera Yellowstone hotspot 23? 143 Cold Mountain Creek Tuff
7 Calabozos Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone Un­known 150 Loma Seca Tuff-Unit S
5 Galeras Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone Un­known 150
7 Kos-Nisyros Caldera South Aegean Volcanic Arc 110 161 Kos Plateau Tuff
7 Los Humeros Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 290 DRE[16] 164 Xáltipan Ignimbrite
7 Lake Akan Hokkaidō 56.8 (DRE) 175 AK-2
6 Yellowstone Caldera Yellowstone hotspot 50 176 Bluff Point Tuff
7 Southern Caldera, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc Un­known 180
7 Awasa Caldera Main Ethiopian Rift 103.5 182.3
7 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc Un­known 205
7 Rotorua Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 230 Mamaku Ignimbrite
7 Maroa Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 230 Ohakuri Ignimbrite
7 Reporoa Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 230 Kaingaroa Ignimbrite
7 Ata Caldera Kyūshū > 150 240 Torihama eruption
7 Kapenga Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 240 Ohakui Ignimbrite
7 O'a Caldera Ethiopia 276 240 Qi3 Pumice
8 Maroa Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 254 Whakamaru Ignimbrite
6 Mount Aso Kyūshū Un­known 266 Aso-1 Ignimbrite
6 Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas Kamchatka 46 278 Uzon ignimbrite - southern field
7 Haroharo Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 280 Matahina Ignimbrite
7 Kapenga Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 280 Pakai Ignimbrite
7 Lake Maninjau Sunda Arc, Sumatra 175 280

300 to 999KA

VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot 		Material volume (km3) Age in Ka[17] Tephra or eruption name
7 Calabozos Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone Un­known 300 Loma Seca Tuff-Unit V
7 Kapenga Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 300 Chimpanzee Ignimbrite
7 Vulsini Campanian volcanic arc 460 300 Bolsena Caldera
7 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc Un­known 320
7 Kakutō Caldera Kyūshū Un­known 321 Kakuto Ignimbrite
7? Suiendani Honshū Un­known 370 Okuhida Pyroclastics
7 Lake Bracciano Lazio, Italy > 200 370 Mophi Tephra
6 Roccamonfina Caldera Campanian volcanic arc Un­known 390
6-7 Medvezhia Iturup, Kuril Islands 90 410 Medvezhia Ignimbrite
7 Toussidé Tibesti Mountains 150 430 Yirrigué Ignimbrite
7 Pauzhetka Caldera Kamchatka 375 440 Golygin Ignimbrite
7 Tumalo Oregon Un­known 440 Tumalo tuff
7 Aira Caldera Kyūshū Un­known 450 Oda Ignimbrite
7 Diamante Caldera Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone Un­known 450
7 Aira Caldera Kyūshū Un­known 500 Yoshino Ignimbrite
7 Toba Caldera Sunda Arc, Sumatra 138 500 Middle Toba Tuff
7 Kobayashi Caldera Kyūshū Un­known 520 Kobayashi Ignimbrite
6 Galeras Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone Un­known 560
7 Mount Kirishima Kyūshū Un­known 580 Hiwaki Ignimbrite
6? Hōhi Volcanic Zone Kyūshū Un­known 600 Yufugawa Ignimbrite
6 Mount Lassen Cascade Volcanic Arc > 75 610 Rockland Caldera formation
8 Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field Yellowstone hotspot ⩾ 1,000 631 Lava Creek Tuff
7 Acatlán Volcanic Field Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 150 650 Acatlán Ignimbrite
7 Hōhi Volcanic Zone Kyūshū Un­known 650 Seiganji-Toga Tephra
7 Kamitakara Honshū Un­known 650
7 Kapenga Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 680 Matahana A
7 Kapenga Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 710 Waiotapu Ignimbrite
7 Long Valley Caldera Eastern California 790 760 Bishop Tuff
7 Kapenga Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 830 Matahana B
7 Calabozos Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone Un­known 840 Loma Seca Tuff-Unit L
8 Lake Toba Caldera Sunda Arc, Sumatra 5,290[13] 840 Toba Tuff
7 Shishimuta Caldera Kyūshū Un­known 870 Imaichi Ignimbrite
7 Tondano Caldera North Sulawesi, Sulawesi 600 - 950 870
7 Mangakino Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 950 Marshall Ignimbrite
7 Mangakino Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 970 Unit E

1 to 9.9MA

VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot 		Material volume (km3) Age in Ma[18] Tephra or eruption name
7 North Vate Vanuatu Un­known 001 1 Efaté Pumice Formation
7 Mangakino Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 001 1 Rocky Hill Ignimbrite
7 Shishimuta Caldera Kyūshū Un­known 001 1 Yabakei Ignimbrite
7 Tamagawa Caldera Honshū Un­known 001 1
7 Tōnohetsuri Calderas Honshū Un­known 001 1 Saigō Ignimbrite
7 Tokachi-Mitsumata Caldera Hokkaidō 130
> 130
 001 1
8 Mangakino Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 001.01 1.01 Kidnappers Ignimbrite
8 Awasa Caldera Main Ethiopian Rift
1000
 001.09 1.09
8 Gakkel Ridge Caldera Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean
3000
 001.1 1.1
7 Akademia Nauk Kamchatka
100
 001.13 1.13 Stena-Soboliny Ignimbrite
7 Kulshan Caldera Cascade Volcanic Arc 117
> 117.5
 001.15 1.149 Lake Tapps Tephra, Swift Creek Ignimbrite, Kulshan caldera formation
7 Mangakino Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 001.18 1.18 Ahuroa Ignimbrite
7 Hōhi Volcanic Zone Kyūshū Un­known 001.2 1.2 Shikido Ignimbrite
6 Toba Caldera Sunda Arc, Sumatra Un­known 001.2 1.2 Haranggoal Dacite Tuff
7 Tōnohetsuri Calderas Honshū Un­known 001.2 1.2 Ashino Ignimbrite
7 Mangakino Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 001.2 1.2 Unit D
8 Mangakino Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 001.21 1.21 Ongatiti Ignimbrite
7 Valles Caldera New Mexico, USA
(Raton hotspot)
690
 001.22 1.223 Upper Bandelier Tuff
7 Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field Yellowstone hotspot 280
> 280 (DRE)
 001.27 1.27 Mesa Falls Tuff
7 Puricó Complex Andes, Central Volcanic Zone Un­known 001.3 1.3 Puricó Ignimbrite
7 Tōnohetsuri Calderas Honshū Un­known 001.4 1.4 Kumado Ignimbrite
7 Mount Tokachi Hokkaidō Un­known 001.4 1.4 Tokachi Ignimbrite
7 Mangakino Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 001.4 1.4 Unit C
7 Mangakino Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 001.53 1.53 Unit B
7 Mangakino Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone Un­known 001.55 1.55 Unit A
7 Mount Jiigatake[19] Honshū Un­known 001.6 1.6 Ōmine Ignimbrite
7 Valles Caldera New Mexico, USA
690
 001.61 1.61 Lower Bandelier Tuff
7 Mount Jiigatake Honshū Un­known 001.65 1.65
6 Cerro Guacha Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex Un­known 001.7 1.7 Puripica Ch0ico ignimbrite
7 Young Island Valleny Islands
100
 001.7 1.7 Eltanin
7 Bolshe-Bannaya Kamchatka
800
 001.7 1.7
7 Mount Hotakadake[19] Honshū Un­known 001.75 1.75 Ebisutōge-Fukuda tephras
7 Mount Hotakadake Honshū Un­known 001.76 1.76 Nyūkawa Ignimbrite
7 Valles Caldera New Mexico, USA 101
⩾ 100
 001.78 1.78 San Diego Canyon Ignimbrite
7 Karymshina Kamchatka Un­known 001.78 1.78
7 Lago de Atitlán Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala Un­known 001.8 1.8
7 Mount Jiigatake Honshū Un­known 001.88 1.88 Kitazawa Ignimbrite
7 Mount Tokachi Hokkaidō Un­known 001.9 1.9 Biei Ignimbrite
7 Mount Jiigatake Honshū Un­known 002 2 Reishōji Ignimbrite
7 Mount Jiigatake Honshū Un­known 002 2 Ht-3 Ignimbrite
7 Mount Jiigatake Honshū Un­known 002 2 Nyūnomi Ignimbrite
7 Mount Jiigatake Honshū Un­known 002 2 Ichiuda Ignimbrite
7 Mount Hotakadake Honshū Un­known 002 2 Sonehara Ignimbrite
7 Tamagawa Caldera Honshū Un­known 002 2
8 Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field Yellowstone hotspot
2160
 002.07 2.0794 Huckleberry Ridge Tuff A & B
7 Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field Yellowstone hotspot
290
 002.11 2.113 Huckleberry Ridge Tuff C
7 Mount Jiigatake[19] Honshū Un­known 002.18 2.18 Taniguchi Ignimbrite
8 Cerro Galán Andes, Central Volcanic Zone
1030
 002.2 2.2 Cerro Galán Ignimbrite
7? Mount Erciyes Turkey Un­known 002.5 2.52 Valibabatepe Ignimbrite
^^^^Quaternary^^^^
7 Hiwada Caldera Honshū Un­known 002.8 2.8 Hotokezawa Ignimbrite
8 Pastos Grandes Caldera Andes, Central Volcanic Zone
1500
 002.9 2.9 Pastos Grandes Ignimbrite
7 Teragi Cauldron Honshū Un­known 003 3.03 Teragi Group[20]
7 Cerro Guacha Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex Un­known 003.5 3.5 Tara Ignimbrite
7 Yunosawa Caldera Honshū Un­known 003.5 3.5 Obirakiyama Tuff
8 Pacana Caldera Andes, Central Volcanic Zone
2800
 004 4 Atana Ignimbrite
8 Heise volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot Un­known 004.5 4.45 Kilgore Tuff
? Heise volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot Un­known 005.5 5.51 Conant Creek Tuff
8 Cerro Guacha Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
1300
 005.7 5.7 Guacha ignimbrite
7 Cerro Panizos Andes, Central Volcanic Zone Un­known 006.1 6.1 Panizos Ignimbrite
? Heise volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot Un­known 006.3 6.27 Walcott Tuff
8 Heise volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot Un­known 006.6 6.62 Blacktail Tuff
7 Black Mountain Caldera Southwest Nevada volcanic field Un­known 007 7 Thirsty Canyon Tuff
7 Pastos Grandes Caldera or Vilama Caldera Andes, Central Volcanic Zone Un­known 008.3 8.3 Sifon Ignimbrite
? Twin Falls volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot Un­known 008.6 8.6-10
8 Grey's Landing Supereruption Yellowstone hotspot 2800
> 2800[21]
 008.7 8.72 Grey's Landing Ignimbrite
8 McMullen Supereruption Yellowstone hotspot 1700
> 1700[21]
 008.9 8.99 McMullen Ignimbrite

10MA and older

VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot 		Material volume (km3) Age in Ma[22] Tephra or eruption name
? Picabo volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot Un­known 010 10 – 10.2 Arbon Valley Tuffs
7-8 Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera Yellowstone hotspot
950
 011 10 – 12.5 Ashfall Fossil Beds eruption
7 Timber Mountain caldera complex Southwest Nevada volcanic field Un­known 011.5 11.45 Timber Mountain Tuff - Ammonia Tanks member
8 Timber Mountain caldera complex Southwest Nevada volcanic field Un­known 011.6 11.6 Timber Mountain Tuff - Rainer Mesa member
8 Paintbrush Caldera Southwest Nevada volcanic field Un­known 012.7 12.7 Paintbrush Tuff - Topopah Spring member
8 Paintbrush Caldera Southwest Nevada volcanic field Un­known 012.8 12.8 Paintbrush Tuff - Tiva Canyon member
7 Mount Sobo Kyūshū Un­known 012.8 12.8
? Owyhee-Humboldt volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot Un­known 012.8 13.9-12.8
7 Mount Katamuki Kyūshū Un­known 013 13
7 Silent Canyon caldera complex Southwest Nevada volcanic field Un­known 013 13 Belted Range Tuff
7 Crater Flat Group Southwest Nevada volcanic field Un­known 013.3 13.25 Crater Flat Tuff, Bullfrog member
7 Shitara Caldera Honshū Un­known 013.1 15.1-13.1
8 Ōdai Caldera Honshū Un­known 013.7 13.7 Murō Ignimbrite
8 Mount Ōkue Kyūshū Un­known 013.7 13.7 Okueyama volcano-plutonic complex
7 Mount Ishizuchi Shikoku Un­known 014 14
8 Kumano Caldera Honshū Un­known 014.4 14.4 Kumano Acidic rocks
8 Source unknown Andes, Central Volcanic Zone
1100
 015 15 Huaylillas Ignimbrite
7 McDermitt volcanic field, North Yellowstone hotspot Un­known 015 15 Whitehorse Creek Tuff
? Lake Owyhee volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot? Un­known 015 15
8 Mount Osuzu Kyūshū Un­known 015.1 15.1 Osuzuyama volcano-plutonic complex
? Northwest Nevada volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot? Un­known 015.5 16.5-15.5
7 McDermitt volcanic field, South Yellowstone hotspot Un­known 015.6 15.6 Longridge Tuff member 2-3
7 McDermitt volcanic field, South Yellowstone hotspot Un­known 015.6 15.6 Longridge Tuff member 5
7 McDermitt volcanic field, South Yellowstone hotspot Un­known 015.7 15.7 Double H Tuff
7 McDermitt volcanic field, North Yellowstone hotspot Un­known 015.8 15.8 Trout Creek Mountains Tuff
? McDermitt volcanic field, South Yellowstone hotspot Un­known 016 16 Hoppin Peaks Tuff
7 McDermitt volcanic field, South Yellowstone hotspot Un­known 016.5 16.5 Oregon Canyon Tuff
8 Oxaya Formation Andes, Central Volcanic Zone
3000
 019 19 Oxaya Ignimbrite
7 Mount Belknap Caldera Marysvale volcanic field Un­known 019 19 Joe Lott member
^^^^Neogene^^^^
7 Monroe Peak Caldera Marysvale volcanic field Un­known 023 23 Osiris Tuff
8 La Garita Caldera San Juan volcanic field
5000
 027.8 27.8 Fish Canyon Tuff[c]
8? Bachelor San Juan volcanic field
1000
 028 28 Carpenter Ridge Tuff
8 San Juan San Juan volcanic field Un­known 028 28 Sapinero Mesa Tuff
8? Uncompahgre San Juan volcanic field
1000
 028.1 28.1 Dillon & Sapinero Mesa Tuffs
8? Platoro San Juan volcanic field
1000
 028.2 28.2 Chiquito Peak Tuff
8 Bursum Southern New Mexico Un­known 028.5 28.5 Apache Springs Tuff
8 White Rock Caldera Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex Un­known 029.2 29.2 Lund Tuff
8 Sana'a Ignimbrite Afro-Arabian Un­known 029.5 29.5 Tephra 2W63
8 Iftar Alkalb Afro-Arabian Un­known 029.5 29.5 Tephra 4 W
8 Sam Ignimbrite Yemen Un­known 029.5 29.5 Green Tuff
8 Jabal Kura'a Ignimbrite Yemen Un­known 029.6 29.6
8 Wah Wah Springs Caldera Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex
5900
 030 30.06 Wah Wah Springs Tuff[d]
8 Windows Butte Tuff Central Nevada Un­known 033 33 Windows Butte Tuff
8 Emory Caldera Southwestern New Mexico Un­known 034.9 34.9 Kneeling Nun Tuff, City of Rocks State Park
8 Mount Princeton Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Colorado Un­known 035.3 35.3 Wall Mountain Tuff
7 Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex Skukum Group Un­known 050 50
^^^^Paleogene^^^^
8 Deccan Traps West-central India Un­known 066 66 This volcanic episode occurred about 300,000 years after the Chicxulub meteor impact, and may have been another contributing factor towards the extinction of the dinosaurs
8 Source unknown Honshū Un­known 070 70 Noi Rhyolite
8 Ontong-Java-Manihiki-Hikurangi Plateau Southwestern Pacific Ocean, north of the Solomon Islands Un­known 121 121 Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8 Guarapuava-Tamarana-Sarusas Paraná and Etendeka traps Un­known 132 132 Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8 Santa Maria Fria Paraná and Etendeka traps Un­known 132 132 Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8 Guarapuava-Ventura Paraná and Etendeka traps Un­known 132 132 Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8 High Island Caldera Hong Kong Un­known 140 140
^^^^Cretaceous^^^^
8 Ora Caldera Southern Alps, Italy Un­known 274 277–274 Ora Formation
7 Altenberg–Teplice Caldera[23] The Altenberg-Teplice Volcanic Complex Un­known 317 325-317[23] Teplice Rhyolite intra-caldera deposits
8 Cerberean Caldera Rubicon Valley Un­known 374 374[24] Cerberean Caldera now forms the northern part of the Marysville Igneous Complex in central Victoria at Lake Eildon National Park.[24][25]
8 Glen Coe Scotland Un­known 420 420[26]
8 Scafells Lake District Un­known 450 450+[27]

Notes

  1. ^ First documented Supervolcanic eruption, and last known volcanic eruption with a VEI of 8.
  2. ^ The eruption of Lake Toba was the biggest volcanic eruption in the Quaternary period.[14]
  3. ^ Second biggest explosive eruption in the last 100 million years
  4. ^ The biggest explosive eruption in the last 100 million years

See also

References

  1. ^ start from 1950 CE
  2. ^ a b c Shinji Takarada; Hideo Hoshizumi (2020). "Distribution and Eruptive Volume of Aso-4 Pyroclastic Density Current and Tephra Fall Deposits, Japan: A M8 Super-Eruption". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 170. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..170T. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00170.
  3. ^ a b c d Victoria C. Smith; et al. (2013-05-01). "Identification and correlation of visible tephras in the Lake Suigetsu SG06 sedimentary archive, Japan: chronostratigraphic markers for synchronising of east Asian/west Pacific palaeoclimatic records across the last 150 ka". Quaternary Science Reviews. 67: 121–137. Bibcode:2013QSRv...67..121S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.026.
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  6. ^ The up is covered with Shikotsu caldera formation deposits.[5]
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  9. ^ Bouvet de Maisonneuve, C.; Forni, F.; Bachmann, O. (2021). "Magma reservoir evolution during the build up to and recovery from caldera-forming eruptions – A generalizable model?". Earth-Science Reviews. 218: 103684. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103684. hdl:10356/161241. ISSN 0012-8252. S2CID 236237501.
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  11. ^ a b "Thórsmörk Ignimbrite(correlated to Ash Zone 2)". VOGRIPA. Retrieved 27 May 2024. This source has not yet been updated by post 2019 knowledge.
  12. ^ a b c Moles, J.D.; McGarvie, D.; Stevenson, J.A.; Sherlock, S.C.; Abbott, P.M.; Jenner, F.E.; Halton, A.M. (2019). "Widespread tephra dispersal and ignimbrite emplacement from a subglacial volcano (Torfajökull, Iceland)". Geology. 47 (6): 577–580. doi:10.1130/G46004.1.
  13. ^ a b Antonio Costa; Victoria C. Smith; Giovanni Macedonio; Naomi E. Matthews (2014). "The magnitude and impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff super-eruption". Frontiers in Earth Science. 2: 16. Bibcode:2014FrEaS...2...16C. doi:10.3389/feart.2014.00016.
  14. ^ Chad L.Yost; Lily J.Jackson; Jeffery R.Stone; Andrew S.Cohen (2018). "Subdecadal phytolith and charcoal records from Lake Malawi, East Africa imply minimal effects on human evolution from the ~74 ka Toba supereruption". Journal of Human Evolution. 116: 75–94. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.11.005. PMID 29477183.
  15. ^ start from 1950 CE
  16. ^ Jaime Alberto Cavazos-Álvarez; Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez (2020). "Anatomy of the Xáltipan ignimbrite at Los Humeros Volcanic Complex; the largest eruption of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 392: 106755. Bibcode:2020JVGR..39206755C. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106755. S2CID 213394831.
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  19. ^ a b c Teruki Oikawa (2003). "The Spatial and Temporal Relationship between Uplifting and Magmatism in the Hida Mountain Range, Central Japan". Quaternary Research (in Japanese). 42 (3): 141–156. doi:10.4116/jaqua.42.141. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  20. ^ Toshiki Haji; Takashi Kudo; Sota Niki; Takafumi Hirata (2023). "The Age of the Lower Tuff in the Utaosa Rhyolite, Teragi Cauldron, southwest Japan:Uranium‒lead dating of Late Pliocene zircon using femtosecond laser ablation-inductively coupled multi-collector ICP mass spectrometry". The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan (in Japanese). 129 (1): 341–354. doi:10.5575/geosoc.2023.0002.
  21. ^ a b Knott, Thomas; Branney, M.; Reichow, Marc; Finn, David; Tapster, Simon; Coe, Robert (June 2020). "Discovery of two new super-eruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot track (USA): Is the Yellowstone hotspot waning?". Geology. 48 (9): 934–938. Bibcode:2020Geo....48..934K. doi:10.1130/G47384.1. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
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  23. ^ a b Casas-García, Raymundo; Rapprich, Vladislav; Breitkreuz, Christoph; Svojtka, Martin; Lapp, Manuel; Stanek, Klaus; Hofmann, Mandy; Linnemann, Ulf (2019-11-15). "Lithofacies architecture, composition, and age of the Carboniferous Teplice Rhyolite (German–Czech border): Insights into the evolution of the Altenberg-Teplice Caldera". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 386: 106662. Bibcode:2019JVGR..38606662C. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106662. ISSN 0377-0273. S2CID 202913004.
  24. ^ a b Clemens, J. D.; Birch, W. D. (2012-12-15), "Assembly of a zoned volcanic magma chamber from multiple magma batches: The Cerberean Cauldron, Marysville Igneous Complex, Australia", Lithos, 155: 272–288, Bibcode:2012Litho.155..272C, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2012.09.007, ISSN 0024-4937
  25. ^ Birch, W. D. (1970), An investigation of the Upper Devonian Cerberean Cauldron complex in central Victoria, University of Melbourne
  26. ^ "Glencoe – Geology". Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  27. ^ P. J. Brenchley (2006). Timing and Duration of The Volcanism and Related Intrusions. Geological Society of London. p. 116. ISBN 9781862392007. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

Bibliography

Further reading
Index: pl ar de en es fr it arz nl ja pt ceb sv uk vi war zh ru af ast az bg zh-min-nan bn be ca cs cy da et el eo eu fa gl ko hi hr id he ka la lv lt hu mk ms min no nn ce uz kk ro simple sk sl sr sh fi ta tt th tg azb tr ur zh-yue hy my ace als am an hyw ban bjn map-bms ba be-tarask bcl bpy bar bs br cv nv eml hif fo fy ga gd gu hak ha hsb io ig ilo ia ie os is jv kn ht ku ckb ky mrj lb lij li lmo mai mg ml zh-classical mr xmf mzn cdo mn nap new ne frr oc mhr or as pa pnb ps pms nds crh qu sa sah sco sq scn si sd szl su sw tl shn te bug vec vo wa wuu yi yo diq bat-smg zu lad kbd ang smn ab roa-rup frp arc gn av ay bh bi bo bxr cbk-zam co za dag ary se pdc dv dsb myv ext fur gv gag inh ki glk gan guw xal haw rw kbp pam csb kw km kv koi kg gom ks gcr lo lbe ltg lez nia ln jbo lg mt mi tw mwl mdf mnw nqo fj nah na nds-nl nrm nov om pi pag pap pfl pcd krc kaa ksh rm rue sm sat sc trv stq nso sn cu so srn kab roa-tara tet tpi to chr tum tk tyv udm ug vep fiu-vro vls wo xh zea ty ak bm ch ny ee ff got iu ik kl mad cr pih ami pwn pnt dz rmy rn sg st tn ss ti din chy ts kcg ve
Prefix: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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