Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʁ⟩ in IPA
The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʁ ⟩, an inverted small uppercase letter ⟨ʀ ⟩, or in broad transcription ⟨r ⟩ if rhotic . This consonant is one of the several collectively called guttural R when found in European languages.
The voiced uvular approximant is also found interchangeably with the fricative, and may also be transcribed as ⟨ʁ ⟩. Because the IPA symbol stands for the uvular fricative, the approximant may be specified by adding the downtack : ⟨ʁ̞ ⟩, though some writings[ 1] ʶ ⟩, which is not an official IPA practice.
For a voiced pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar ), see voiced velar fricative .
Features
Features of the voiced uvular fricative:
Its manner of articulation is fricative , which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence . In many languages it is closer to an approximant , however, and no language distinguishes the two at the uvular articulation.
Its place of articulation is uvular , which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula .
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant , which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic , which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles , as in most sounds.
Occurrence
In Western Europe, a uvular trill pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northern French to several dialects and registers of Basque ,[ 2] Catalan , Danish , Dutch , German , Judaeo-Spanish , Norwegian , Occitan , Portuguese , Swedish , some variants of Low Saxon ,[ 3] Yiddish .[citation needed However, not all of them remain a uvular trill today.
In Brazilian Portuguese , it is usually a velar fricative ([x ] , [ɣ ] ), voiceless uvular fricative [χ] , or glottal transition ([h ] , [ɦ ] ), except in southern Brazil, where alveolar, velar and uvular trills as well as the voiced uvular fricative predominate. Because such uvular rhotics often do not contrast with alveolar ones, IPA transcriptions may often use ⟨r⟩ to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, see guttural R .
Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note, "There is... a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."[ 4]
It is also present in most Turkic languages , except for Turkish , and in Caucasian languages . It could also come in ɣ .
Language
Word
IPA Meaning
Notes
Abkhaz цыҕ cëğ [tsəʁ] 'marten '
See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe тыгъ э tëğ a تہغ ە [təʁa] ⓘ 'sun'
Afrikaans Parts of the former Cape Province
r ooi[ʁoːi̯] 'red'
May be a trill [ʀ ] instead. See Afrikaans phonology
Albanian
Arbëresh
Some Moresian accents
vëlla
[vʁa]
'brother'
May be pronounced as a normal double l. Sometimes, the guttural r is present in words starting with g in some dialects.
Aleut Atkan dialect
chamĝ ul [tʃɑmʁul] 'to wash'
Arabic Modern Standard غرفة ġurfa [ˈʁʊrfɐ] 'room'
Mostly transcribed as /ɣ/ , may be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.[ 7] Arabic phonology
Archi [ 8] гъӀ абосġabos [ʁˤabos] [ 9] 'croak'
Pharyngealized .
Armenian ղ եկġek [ʁɛk] ⓘ 'rudder'
Asturian language Most common allophone of /g/ . May be an approximant.[ 10] [ 11]
Avar тIагъ ур thaġ ur طاغ ۇر [tʼaˈʁur] 'cap'
Bashkir туғ ыҙ tuğ ıđ توع ئذ [tuˈʁɤð] ⓘ 'nine'
Basque Northern dialectsurr e [uʁe] 'gold'
Chilcotin r elkɨsh[ʁəlkɪʃ] 'he walks'
Danish Standard[ 12]
r ød[ʁ̞œ̠ð̠] 'red'
Most often an approximant when initial.[ 13] [χ ] ) or an approximant.[ 12] [ʕ̞ ] .[ 14] Danish phonology
Dutch [ 16] [ 17] [ 18] [ 19] Belgian Limburg [ 20] [ 21] r ad[ʁɑt] 'wheel'
Either a fricative or an approximant.[ 18] [ 20] [ 19] [ 17] [ 22] /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
Central Netherlands[ 23]
East Flanders [ 21]
Northern Netherlands[ 23]
Randstad [ 23]
Southern Netherlands[ 23]
English Dyfed [ 24] r ed[ʁɛd] 'red'
Not all speakers.[ 24] Welsh accents .
Gwynedd [ 24]
North-east Leinster [ 25] Corresponds to [ɹ ~ ɾ ~ ɻ ] in other dialects of English in Ireland.
Northumbrian [ 26] [ 27] Described both as a fricative[ 26] [ 27] [ʀ ] .[ 26] Northumberland and northern County Durham , declining. See English phonology and Northumbrian Burr .
Sierra Leonean [ 26] More rarely a trill [ʀ ] .[ 26]
French r ester[ʁɛste] ⓘ 'to stay'
See French phonology
German Standard [ 28] R ost[ʁɔstʰ] 'rust'
Either a fricative or, more often, an approximant. In free variation with a uvular trill . See Standard German phonology
Lower Rhine[ 28]
Swabian [ 29] [ʁ̞oʃt] An approximant.[ 29] /ʁ/ in onsets ,[ 29] epiglottal approximant .[ 29]
Gondi
Hill-Maṛia
pār̥- [paːʁ-]
'to sing'
Corresponds to /r/ or /ɾ/ in other Gondi dialects.
Hebrew Modern עוֹרֵ ב [ʔoˈʁ̞ev] 'crow'
See Modern Hebrew phonology .[ 30]
Inuktitut East Inuktitut dialect
marr uuk [mɑʁːuːk] 'two'
Italian Some speakers
r ar o[ˈʁäːʁo] 'rare'
Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill [r ] , due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in Alto Adige (bordering with German-speaking Austria), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza . Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill [ʀ ] or a labiodental approximant [ʋ ] . See Italian phonology .
Kabardian бгъ э bğ a بغ ە [bʁa] ⓘ 'eagle'
Kabyle ⴱⴻ ⵖbbeɣ بغ [bːəʁ] 'to dive'
Kazakh сағ ан sağ an ساع ان [sɑˈʁɑn] 'to you'
Kyrgyz жамг ыр camğ ır' جامع ىر [dʒɑmˈʁɯr] 'rain'
Lakota aǧ úyapi [aʁʊjapɪ] 'bread'
Limburgish Maastrichtian dr ei [dʀ̝ɛi̯] 'three'
Fricative trill; the fricative component varies between uvular and post-velar. See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Weert dialect phonology
Weert dialect
dr ej [dʀ̝æj]
Luxembourgish Par mesan [ˈpʰɑʁməzaːn] 'Parmesan'
Appears as an allophone of /ʀ/ between a vowel and a voiced consonant and as an allophone of /ʁ/ between a back vowel and another vowel (back or otherwise). A minority of speakers use it as the only consonantal variety of /ʀ/ (in a complementary distribution with [χ ] ), also where it is trilled in the standard language. See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay Perak dialect
Per ak [peʁɑk̚] 'Perak '
See Malay phonology
Malto पोग़े
[poʁe] 'smoke'
Minangkabau Kampar dialect
bagh eh [baʁeh] 'rice'
Norwegian Southern dialects
r ar [ʁ̞ɑːʁ̞] 'strange'
Either an approximant or a fricative. See Norwegian phonology
Southwestern dialects
Toba qom
Takshek dialect
Awog
[awoʁojk]
'moon'
Tundra Nenets
Some speakers
вар а
[waʁa]
'goose'
Ossetic
Iron
æгъгъ æд æğğ æd
[ˈəʁːəd]
'enough'
Portuguese European [ 36] carr o [ˈkaʁu] 'car'
Word-initial /ʁ/ is commonly realized as a uvular trill [ʀ ] in Lisbon. See Portuguese phonology
Setubalense [ 37] r ur alizar [ʁuʁɐɫiˈzaʁ] 'to ruralize'
Outcome of a merger of /ɾ/ with /ʁ/ , which is unique in the Lusophone world. Often trilled instead.
Fluminense [ 37] [ 38] ar dência [ɐʁˈdẽsjə] 'burning feeling'
Due to 19th century Portuguese influence , Rio de Janeiro's dialect merged coda /ɾ / into /ʁ/ .[ 39] [ɣ ] , [ʕ ] and [ɦ ] before voiced sounds, [x ] , [χ ] , [ħ ] and [h ] before voiceless consonants
Sulista arr oz [ɐˈʁos] 'rice'
Spanish Puerto Rican carr o [ˈkaʁo] 'car'
Word-initial, and inter-vocallic double r ('rr') /r/ are commonly realized as a fricative trill in rural sectors and generally (but not exclusively) lower socioeconomic strata among Puerto Ricans. [ʁ ] .[ 40]
As spoken in Asturias
gusano [ʁ̞uˈsano]
'worm'
Most common allophone of /g/ . May also be an approximant.[ 10] [ 11]
Swedish Southern dialects r ör [ʁɶʁ] 'pipe(s)'
See Swedish phonology
Tatar яңг ыр yañğ ır ياڭگ ئر [jɒŋˈʁɯr] 'rain'
Turkmen aɡ yr آغ یٛر [ɑʁɨɾ] 'heavy'
An allophone of /ɣ/ next to back vowels
Tsez агъ и aɣ i [ˈʔaʁi] 'bird'
Ubykh [ʁa] 'his'
Ubykh has ten different uvular fricatives. See Ubykh phonology
Uyghur ئۇيغ ۇر / Уйғ ур
[ʊjʁʊr] 'Uyghur'
Uzbek ogʻ ir оғ ир اۉغ یر [ɒˈʁɨr] 'heavy'
West Flemish Bruges dialect onder [ˈuŋəʀ̝] 'under'
A fricative trill with little friction. An alveolar [r ] is used in the neighbouring rural area.
Yakut тоҕ ус toğ us [toʁus] 'nine'
Yi
Ğņyņə [ʁŋêŋĕ]
'twenty'
A fricative or approximant .
See also
Notes
^ Such as Krech et al. (2009) .
^ Grammar of Basque , page 30 , José Ignacio Hualde , Jon Ortiz De Urbina, Walter de Gruyter , 2003^ Ph Bloemhoff-de Bruijn, Anderhalve Eeuw Zwols Vocaalveranderingsprocessen in de periode 1838-1972. IJsselacademie (2012). ISBN 978-90-6697-228-5
^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996 :167)^ Watson (2002) , pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.^ "The Archi Language Tutorial" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2021-05-22 .^ "Dictionary of Archi" . Retrieved 2023-12-10 .^ a b Muñiz Cachón, Carmen (2002). "Realización del fonema /g/ en Asturias" . Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana (in Spanish). 2 : 53– 70. doi :10.17811/rfa.2.2002 (inactive 2024-11-02). {{cite journal }}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link )^ a b Muñiz Cachón, Carmen (2002). "Rasgos fónicos del español hablado en Asturias" . Archivum: Revista de la Facultad de Filología (in Spanish). 52 : 323– 349. ^ a b Basbøll (2005 :62)^ Basbøll (2005 :66)^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996 :323)^ Booij (1999 :8)^ a b Collins & Mees (2003 :39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291)^ a b Goeman & van de Velde (2001 :91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108)^ a b Verstraten & van de Velde (2001 :51–55)^ a b Verhoeven (2005 :245)^ a b Verstraten & van de Velde (2001 :52)^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001 :91–92, 94–95, 97, 102)^ a b c d Verstraten & van de Velde (2001 :54)^ a b c Wells (1982 :390)^ Hickey (2007 :?)[page needed ^ a b c d e Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996 :236)^ a b Ogden (2009 :93)^ a b Hall (1993 :89)^ a b c d Markus Hiller. "Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality" (PDF) . Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2015-02-24 . ^ The pronunciation of the Modern Hebrew consonant ר resh has been described as a uvular approximant ʁ [ʁ̞] , which also exists in Yiddish , see Ghil'ad Zuckermann (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew , Palgrave Macmillan , pp. 261-262.
^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995 :92)^ a b (in Portuguese) Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty Archived 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine . Page 11.^ (in Portuguese) The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 Archived 2016-02-06 at the Wayback Machine Page 36.^ (in Portuguese) The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony . Pages 229 and 230.^ Lipski (1994 :333)
References
Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish , Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5 Booij, Geert (1999), The phonology of Dutch , Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406 Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 25 (2): 90– 94, doi :10.1017/S0025100300005223 , S2CID 249414876 Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans Mouton de Gruyter , pp. 1– 35, ISBN 9783110134261 Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian , Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 43 (1): 67– 74, doi :10.1017/S0025100312000278 Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects" . In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 91– 112. ISSN 0777-3692 . Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk ISBN 87-500-3865-6 Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF) , Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155– 166, doi :10.1017/S0025100300006526 , S2CID 145782045 Hall, Tracy Alan (1993), "The phonology of German /ʀ/", Phonology , 10 (1): 83– 105, doi :10.1017/S0952675700001743 , S2CID 195707076 Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF) , Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 28 (1– 2): 107– 112, doi :10.1017/S0025100300006307 , S2CID 145635698 Hickey, Raymond (2007). Irish English: History and Present-day Forms . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85299-9 Hinskens, Frans; Taeldeman, Johan, eds. (2013), Dutch Walter de Gruyter , ISBN 978-3-11-018005-3 Kachru, Yamuna (2006), Hindi ISBN 90-272-3812-X Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch , Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6 Ladefoged, Peter ; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages ISBN 0-631-19815-6 Lipski, John (1994), Latin American Spanish ISBN 9780582087613 Ogden, Richard (2009), An Introduction to English Phonetics ISBN 978-0-7486-2540-6 Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar , Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 35 (2): 243– 247, doi :10.1017/S0025100305002173 Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch" . In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 45– 61. ISSN 0777-3692 . Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic , New York: Oxford University Press Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English , vol. 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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