Āgama (Buddhisme)

Dalam Buddhisme, Āgama (आगम Sanskerta dan Pāli untuk "karya suci"^[1] atau "naskah"^[2]) adalah salah satu kumpulan teks Buddhis awal (EBT), yaitu teks-teks Buddhis yang digunakan oleh aliran-aliran Buddhis awal. Dalam Tripitaka Taisho, salah satu versi Tripitaka Tionghoa, kitab-kitab Āgama masih dilestarikan.

Lima Āgama yang dilestarikan dalam Tripitaka Taisho terdiri dari lima bagian yang mirip dengan Nikāya dalam Tripitaka Pāli aliran Theravāda, meskipun terdapat berapa perbedaan, seperti penghilangan materi, penambahan, dan pergeseran lokasi frasa:^[3]

Dīrgha Āgama, paralel dengan Dīgha Nikāya
Madhyama Āgama, paralel dengan Majjhima Nikāya
Saṁyukta Āgama, paralel dengan Saṁyutta Nikāya
Ekottarika Āgama, paralel dengan Aṅguttara Nikāya, namun dengan penyisipan konsep-konsep Mahāyāna

Beberapa ahli, seperti Johannes Bronkhorst dan Etienne Lamotte, telah sepakat bahwa kitab Ekottarika Āgama ditambahkan konsep-konsep Mahāyāna yang muncul belakangan.^[4] Menurut Lamotte, 'interpolasi' ini mudah dilihat.^[5] Menurut Bhante Analayo, hipotesis yang paling sering diajukan adalah kitab tersebut berasal dari aliran Mahāsāṁgika.^[6]

Catatan

^ Monier-Williams (1899), p. 129, see "Āgama," retrieved 12 Dec 2008 from "U. Cologne" at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0129-Akhara.pdf.
^ Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 95, entry for "Āgama," retrieved 12 Dec 2008 from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:2582.pali^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}.
^ Anālayo (2005). "Some Pali discourses in light of their Chinese parallels, part two" (PDF). Buddhist Studies Review. 22 (1): 93–105. doi:10.1558/bsrv.v22i2.14020.
^ Bronkhorst, Johannes. The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India, page 14
^ Lamotte, History of Indian Buddhism, From the origins to the Saka era, Institut Orientaliste Louvain-la-neuve, 1988, page 156.
^ Analayo, Mahāyāna in the Ekottarika-āgama, Singaporean Journal of Buddhist Studies, Volume 1, 2013.

Sumber

Analayo, Bhikkhu (2012), Madhyama-āgama Studies (PDF), Dharma Drum Publishing
Analayo, Bhikkhu (2013), "Mahāyāna in the Ekottarika-āgama" (PDF), Singaporean Journal of Buddhist Studies 1: 5–43, Archived from the original on 2014-03-11, diakses tanggal 2020-02-24 Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (link)
Ānandajoti Bhikkhu (2004). The Uraga Sutta. Retrieved 13 Dec 2008 from "Ancient Buddhist Texts" at http://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Buddhist-Texts/C4-Uraga-Verses/index.htm.
Bingenheimer, Marcus; Bucknell, Rodney S.; Analayo, Bhikkhu (2013), The Madhyama Agama: Middle-length Discourses: 1 (PDF), Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai, ISBN 978-1886439474, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2018-04-13, diakses tanggal 2020-02-24
Brough, John (2001). The Gāndhārī Dharmapada. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.
Monier-Williams, Monier (1899, 1964). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-864308-X. Retrieved 12 Dec 2008 from "Cologne University" at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdf.
Ichimura, Shohei, trans. (2016-2017). The Canonical Book of the Buddha's Lengthy Discourses Diarsipkan 2017-02-20 di Wayback Machine., Vol. I, Vol. II, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai Amerika
Norman, K.R. (1983). Pali Literature: Including the Canonical Literature in Prakrit and Sanskrit of All the Hinayana Schools of Buddhism. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. Retrieved 12 Dec 2008 from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
Tripāṭhī, Chandra. (Ed.) (1962). 'Fünfundzwanzig Sūtras Des Nidānasaṃyukta' in Sanskrittexte aus den Turfanfunden (Vol. VIII). Edited by Ernst Waldschmidt. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1962. [Includes translation into German]

Daftar pustaka

Enomoto, Fumio (1986). On the Formation of the Original Texts of the Chinese Agamas, Buddhist Study Reviews 3 (1), 19-30
The Collation and Annotation of Saṃyuktāgama《<雜阿含經>校釋》,(Chinese version). Wang Jianwei and Jin Hui, East China Normal University Press, 2014.

Pranala luar

[MWD-1] Monier-Williams (1899), p. 129, see "Āgama," retrieved 12 Dec 2008 from "U. Cologne" at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0129-Akhara.pdf.

[PED-2] Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 95, entry for "Āgama," retrieved 12 Dec 2008 from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:2582.pali^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}.

[parallels22-3] Anālayo (2005). "Some Pali discourses in light of their Chinese parallels, part two" (PDF). Buddhist Studies Review. 22 (1): 93–105. doi:10.1558/bsrv.v22i2.14020.

[4] Bronkhorst, Johannes. The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India, page 14

[5] Lamotte, History of Indian Buddhism, From the origins to the Saka era, Institut Orientaliste Louvain-la-neuve, 1988, page 156.

[6] Analayo, Mahāyāna in the Ekottarika-āgama, Singaporean Journal of Buddhist Studies, Volume 1, 2013.

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